8-OHdG has been identified as a new potential marker for screening early stage breast cancer. In addition, a model that combines five blood markers that can be used as a diagnostic test in certain groups of patients has been developed. New studies with a larger sample size are needed to verify the results obtained.

Lung cancer represents one of the most common neoplasms and the main cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. Its relationship with different risk factors such as tobacco, which is its main etiological factor, has been clearly established and despite the numerous advances achieved in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of these patients, the life expectancy of these patients is notably limited. Furthermore, its treatment is not exempt from comorbidities and frequently it neither provides optimal control of the disease nor improve the quality of life of these patients. Despite the possibility of performing screening tests in patients at risk, their implementation in daily clinical practice is complex and most of them are diagnosed at an advanced stage of their disease where systemic radiotherapy or chemotherapy treatments slightly improve their prognosis. Lung adenocarcinoma is the most representative type of lung cancer, with specific epidemiological, molecular and clinical features. Thus, a growing number of studies are being conducted to find potential therapeutic targets based on the study of different molecular pathways, improving the outcome for these patients. In addition, a broad spectrum of serological, immunohistochemical and genetic markers are being evaluated for use in the screening and follow-up of these patients in daily clinical practice, but unlike for other tumors, they are currently not implemented in the early diagnosis of the disease. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to summarize the main advances that have occurred in the development of serological and histological markers and their therapeutic implications in patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, explaining the limitations that have been observed and analyzing the future perspectives in the clinical management of this disease. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Molecular and histological markers in lung cancer 3. Serological markers 4. Circulating tumor cells 5. MicroRNAs 6. Conclusions

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Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most frequent form of lung cancer and represents a set of histological entities that have an ominous long-term prognosis, for example, adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Both small cell and non-small cell lung cancer are the main causes of oncological death and the oncological diseases with the highest incidence worldwide. With regard to clinical approaches for NSCLC, several advances have been achieved in diagnosis and treatment; the analysis of different molecular markers has led to the development of new targeted therapies that have improved the prognosis for selected patients. Despite this, most patients are diagnosed in an advanced stage, presenting a limited life expectancy with an ominous short-term prognosis. Numerous molecular alterations have been described in recent years, allowing for the development of therapies directed against specific therapeutic targets. The correct identification of the expression of different molecular markers has allowed for the individualization of treatment throughout the disease course, expanding the available therapeutic arsenal. The purpose of this article is to summarize the main characteristics of NSCLC and the advances that have occurred in the use of targeted therapies, thus explaining the limitations that have been observed in the management of this disease.