Key message Ca 2+ NPs enhanced tolerance of Triticale callus under salt stress by improving biochemical activity and confocal laser scanning analysis, conferring salt tolerance on callus cells. Abstract CaO NPs (Ca 2+ ) are significant components that act as transducers in many adaptive and developmental processes in plants. In this study, effect of Ca 2+ NPs on the response and regulation of the protective system in Triticale callus under short and long-salt treatments was investigated. The activation of Ca 2+ NPs was induced by salt stress in callus of Triticale cultivars. MDA, H 2 O 2 , POD, and protein activities were determined in callus tissues. Concerning MDA, H 2 O 2 , protein activities, it was found that the Ca 2+ NPs treatment was significant, and it demonstrated a high correlation with the tolerance levels of cultivars. Tatlıcak cultivar was detected for better MDA activities in the short time with 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs concentration of 50 g and 100 g NaCl. Similarly, the same cultivar responded with better H 2 O 2 activity at 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs 100 g NaCl in the short time. POD activities exhibited a decreasing trend in response to the increasing concentrations of Ca 2+ NPs. The best result was observed at 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs 100 g NaCl in the short term. Based on the protein content, treatment of short-term cultured callus cells with 1.5 ppm Ca 2+ NPs inhibited stress response and it significantly promoted Ca 2+ NPs signals as compared to control callus. Confocal laser scanning analysis proved that the application of Ca 2+ NPs could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress by the inhibition of stress severity in callus cells. This study demonstrated, under in vitro conditions, that the application of Ca 2+ NPs can significantly suppress the adverse effects of salt stress on Triticale callus; it was also verified that the concentration of Ca 2+ NPs could be important parameter to be considered in adjusting the micronutrient content in the media for this plant.
Nanoparticules plays an important role in plant adaptation to abiotic stress, especially in response to salt stress. In this study, two alfalfa lines (Erzurum, and Muş) were used as the material for the response NaCl to CuO, ZnO and CaO nanoparticules (NPs). CaO is evident to be higher effective than CuO, ZnO in callus induction from leaf explants. The antioxidant enzyme activities were also determined in the callus cultures. The maximum activity in MDA analysis was observed from callus treated of 50 mM NaCl with 0.8 ppm CuO NPs. The callus induction stage without salt treatments indicated a best result in 0.8 ppm CaO NPs for H2O2 value compared to the other NPs. The callus induction stage without salt treatments indicated a best result in 0.8 ppm CaO NPs for POD value compared to the other NPs for POD activity. The best response in protein rate was obtained from callus induction stage and callus formation stage after 50 mM treatment NaCl with 0.8 ppm CuO. LSCM analysis evident that the NPs could migitate the negative effects of NaCl stress by the elimination of stress severity in callus cells. SEM analysis was supported the results obtained by LSCM analysis. Our findings suggest that CuO, CaO and ZnO NPs can offer a simple and effective method to protect alfalfa callus from NaCl stress severity.
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