<p><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span>E</span><span lang="EN-US">-Government is a government administration system that plays a vital role in the international global communication, and greatly determines the progress of a state. However, the government administration system that utilizes Information and Communication Technology may be exposed to threats, especially threats originating from cyberspace. This research was carried out with the aim to analyze Brunei Darussalam's E-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods accompanied by data obtained from the presentations and interviews during the overseas field study visits in Brunei Darussalam by the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), IT Protective Security Services (ITPSS), and the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) of Brunei Darussalam, as part of a research related to Brunei Darussalam's e-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. The results of this study indicate that the Brunei Darussalam’s e-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats was carried out by focusing on citizen-centric service delivery in stages. It begins with the establishment of a law on computer abuse in 2000, followed by the establishment of Brunei National Computer Emergency Response Team (BruCERT) in 2004, introduction of Internet Ethics and Cyber Security Awareness Program in 2009, and the development of a national cyber security framework in 2014. All are integrated into a common policy coined as Brunei Insight 2035. This can be an input for the implementation of e-Government in Indonesia, in order to improve the equality and openness of access to information and communication in Indonesia, without neglecting the principles of security and comfort in communicating and obtaining information.</span></span></span></p>

AbstrakRadikalisme adalah salah satu akar penyebab utama dari aksi terorisme. Radikalisasi pada kalangan masyarakat umum menjadi ancaman serius bagi stabilitas keamanan nasional. Masyarakat saat ini rentan menjadi sasaran perekrutan kelompok-kelompok radikal, pembentukan jaringan kelompok radikal transnasional, pengarahan tindak kekerasan dan terorisme bahkan melalui radikalisasi diri sendiri. Kurangnya kepedulian dan sistem pengawasan di dalam komunitas masyarakat dianggap juga menjadi katalisator radikalisme. Karena hal itulah, ketahanan komunitas terhadap ancaman terorisme dan radikalisme merupakan aspek penting dalam berhasilnya kontra-radikalisasi di dalam suatu negara.  Terlebih jika komunitas yang berada di dalam suatu negara merupakan komunitas yang pluralistik dan memiliki budaya, bahasa, dan agama yang berbeda. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran komunitas dan mengemukakan pentingnya ketahanan dalam komunitas dalam usaha memerangi terorisme.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagai bagian dari kontra-terorisme, pemerintah harus mengadopsi prinsip, “adanya strategi lebih baik ada dibanding tidak ada sama sekali” jika terkait dengan kerjasama bersama komunitas. Selain itu pemerintah harus dapat berinvestasi secara tepat untuk membangun pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap terorisme. Selanjutnya pemerintah juga perlu untuk memfokuskan kembali pada tujuan akhir pemberantasan terorisme pada deradikalisasi dan hal ini harus dilakukan terpisah dari sifat aksi hulu yang dilakukan komunitas. Terakhir, komunitas harus dipayungi organisasi besar yang merupakan perpanjangan dari program pemerintah yang mengajak masyarakat untuk fokus pada upaya memperkuat ketahanan dan kapasitas semua lini masyarakat yang dianggap rapuh.Kata kunci: Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Kontra terorisme, Peran komunitas AbstractRadicalism is one of the main root causes of acts of terrorism. Radicalization among the society poses a serious threat to the stability of national security. Communities today are vulnerable to the recruitment of radical groups, the formation of radical networks of transnational radicals, the directing of acts of violence and terrorism even through self-radicalization. Lack of awareness within the community and absence of monitoring system from government are also considered to be a catalyst for radicalism. Because of this, community resilience to the threat of terrorism and radicalism is an important aspect of successful counter-radicalization within a country. Especially if the community within a country is a pluralistic community and has different cultures, languages and religions. This paper aims to analyze the role of the community and highlight the importance of community resilience in the fight against terrorism. The results show that as part of counter-terrorism, the government should adopt the principle, "the existence of suffice strategy is better than nothing at all" particularly when it is related to community resilience. In addition, the government should be able to invest properly to build public knowledge of terrorism. Furthermore, the government also needs to refocus on ultimate goals of eradicating terrorism and deradicalisation and this should be done separately from the nature of the upstream action of the community. Finally, the community must be protected by a larger organization that is an extension of a government program that calls on communities to focus on strengthening the resilience and capacity of all fragile communities.Keywords: Community Resilience, Counterterrorism, United Kingdom, United States

ABSTRAKAncaman radikalisme dan terorisme hingga saat ini masih berkembang di Indonesia. Kelompok yang rentan dari pergerakan gerakan radikal ini adalah pelajar sekolah menengah atas, civitas akademika kampus, serta masyarakat umum secara terbatas. Hal ini tentu saja menjadi ancaman serius bagi negara, karena dapat mengancam keamanannasional dan masyarakatnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilalukan pencegahan dini terhadap radikalisme yang dapat berujung pada aksi terorisme. Tindakan pencegahan ini dapat dilakukan melalui berbagai upaya seperti meningkatkanketahanan masyarakat. Dalam menjawab persoalan di atas, penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan analitis deskriptif, sehingga penelitian ini mendeskripsikan mengenai fenomena gerakan radikal dan aksi terorisme di Indonesua dan menganalisis upaya pencegahan dini yang dapat dilakukan oleh Pemerintah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua pola penyebaran radikalisme di Indonesia, yaitu melalui Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) tertentu dan pembentukan kelompok-kelompok kajian. mengingat rentanya masyarakat khususnya kaum pelajar akan ancaman radikalisme ini, maka upaya pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan pemahaman bela negara melalui mata pelajaran Pendidikan dan Kewarganegaraan. Dalam pelajaran ini, siswa / mahasiswa diberikan pemahaman mengenai nilai-nilai dasar bela negara, sehingga ancaman dari paham-paham radikalisme terhadap masyarakat dapat dicegah secara dini.Kata kunci: Radikalisme, Terorisme, Bela Negara, Perguruan Tinggi, dan Keamanan Nasional ABSTRACTAbstract:The threat of radicalism and terrorism is still on developing phase in Indonesia. Groups that are vulnerable to this radical movement are high school students, the campus academic community, and society in a limited manner. This is a serious threat to the state because it can threaten national security and the society. Therefore, it is necessary to do early prevention against radicalism which can lead to acts of terrorism. This preventive action can be done through various efforts such as increasing community resilience. In answering the problems above, this study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Furthermore, this research will describe the phenomenon of radical movements and acts of terrorism in Indonesia and analyzes early prevention efforts that can be carried out by the Government. The results showed that there were two patterns of the spread of radicalism in Indonesia, first, through non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the formation of study groups. Furthermore, preventive action could be carried out by providing an understanding of state defense through Civic Education. In this lesson, the students are given an understanding of the basic values of state defense, so radicalism threat can be prevented early.Keywords: Radicalism, Terrorism, State Defense, Higher Education, and National Security

Various counter-terrorism efforts have been carried out by the Cambodian government, resulting in Cambodia being ranked 135th on the Global Terrorism Index as a country affected by terrorist action with a score of 0.00, meaning there are no more threats or acts of terrorism in Cambodia. This research aims to analyze the counter-terrorism efforts that have been carried out by the Government of Cambodia. This research uses a qualitative research method with a literature study approach. The results of the research show that in Cambodia, there are 7 (seven) terrorist groups, both domestic and foreign, namely: the Khmer Rouge; Cambodian Freedom Fighters /CFF; Khmer Front Movement; the Khmer National Unity Front / KNUF; Khmer National Liberation Front / KNLF; Empire Movement, and the Jemaah Islamiah / JI through the Om Al Qura Foundation. The strategy taken by the Government of Cambodia to address terrorism includes: the formation of counter-terrorism laws, the formation of special counter-terrorism forces and closing access to terrorism financing. In addition, at the ASEAN regional level, the Cambodian government has established cooperation with ASEAN countries in addressing terrorism through information exchange, joint training, and extradition. Meanwhile, at the international level, Cambodia also cooperates in counter-terrorism with the United States and Australia.

The presence of foreign terrorist fighters (FTF) in armed conflicts pose a series of problems for third countries, they become involved even though their country is not one of the warring parties. FTF cannot be ignored because of its association with the activities of international terrorist networks. The paper begins with a brief overview on how FTF is becoming a burning issue in Indonesia's national security. This paper argues that, globalization has played part in terms of making terrorism and radicalization spread easily throughout the world, including Indonesia. Hence, fighting terrorism in both the traditional or contemporary forms is not an easy task anymore. While tackling any practices of terrorism and radicalism is a main priority for many countries around the world, the growing number of FTF in recent years is a clear impact of unfinished government's effort of fighting terrorism that already growing beyond borders. This paper uses qualitative method and the data analysis was undertaken using phenomenology approach. This paper then reflects the complexity of how Indonesia facing its citizen who come back to the country as ISIS returning fighters. It concludes by analyzing the problem of fighting FTF returnees in Indonesia and suggesting how dealing with FTF returnees can be more effective by considering both domestic and regional factors.