Hydraulic experiments were conducted to estimate tsunami wave force acting on rectangular onshore structures. Used building models placed at several distances from a shoreline. Wave pressure was measured at points on exposed structures. Impact and standing-wave pressure at different points peaked at different moments in time, so tsunami force tended to be overestimated by integrating maximum wave-pressure distribution envelope. Measured total force was thus used to formulate tsunami force estimation equations. Hydrostatic formula was successful for structures near a shoreline, despite large scattering for structures far from a shoreline. Hydrodynamic formula was successful in all cases, although inertia was considerable for structures near a shoreline.

The hydraulic experiments have been carried out for estimating tsunami wave force through water level, velocity, force and pressure measurements. Force estimation through integrating wave pressure had been conducted at almost all elements on exposed area. Precise estimation of wave force seems very difficult because the gap of time lag occurred certainly on each line of measurement points. Present study data were compared to the past of available design guidelines for tsunami forces and some available data from past experiments in order to check the validity of some tsunami wave force estimation methods. Some modification equations that refer to function of maximum inundation depth, maximum velocity and run up distance from shoreline are proposed for more considerable agreement of tsunami wave forces estimation.

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Many automotive companies are adding new devices and features to the latest generation of cars. Some changes such as the addition of an adds-on device and car design lead to changes in the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle. this study will be carried out on the changes in the aerodynamic properties of the 3 generations of Model cars: Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3 in 2 D Steady state simulation. The car simulated in various numbers of velocities in 40 km/h, 60 km/h, 80 km/h and 100 km/h. The characteristics of aerodynamic force around the car are discussed in this paper from the qualitative and quantitative data. The quantitative which used as measurable data are Coefficient of drag (CD). Quantitative data has better visual explanation of the stream characteristic. The qualitative data which used in this paper are path line and velocity contours. The validation process is conducted with the previous research and the average error was 5%. The results showed that Model 2 has the most aerodynamic design than the other type due to the drag coefficient was lower than the other type.