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Background:  Transgenders, male to female, are exceptionally predominant in India-Pakistan, dreaded to be alarming for sexually transmitted diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of sexually transmitted diseases and their associated risk factors among transgenders. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst transgenders at Institute of Paramedical Sciences (IPMS), Khyber Medical University Peshawar from January to July,2021. About two ml of venous blood was collected in a gel tube under aseptic conditions among 100 individuals to check for HBsAg, anti-HCV, HIV and syphilis by ICT rapid strip method. Positive samples of HBsAg and anti-HCV were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), while positive cases of syphilis were confirmed by Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination (TPHA). Chi-square test was applied to determine the association between sexually transmitted disease and associated risk factors.  Results: Out of 100, seven (7%) samples were positive for HBsAg, five (5%) for anti-HCV and nine (9%) were positive for syphilis while there were no positive cases of HIV. HBV infection was significantly associated with blood transfusion, a drug injection history and some surgical procedure (p<0.05). For syphilis, the data were significantly associated with a history of blood transfusion and drug injection (p<0.05). Conclusion: Frequency of HBV, HCV and syphilis infections are high in transgenders with common associated risk factors to be sexual activities, drug injection, unsafe blood transfusion and surgical procedures. Keywords:  Chromatography,  Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis C Antibodies, HIV, Syphilis, Transgenders

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Background: The Bombay phenotype is an uncommon blood group identified using forward and reverses plasma categorizing. Individuals with the Bombay phenotype lack the antigens A, B, and H on their blood cells, but their serum has high levels of anti-A, anti-B, and anti-H antibodies. The Bombay phenotype needed donation of the same blood as the Bombay phenotype or homologous blood. As a result, it is critical to do blood grouping appropriately. Objective: The objective of this is to determine the prevalence of Bombay phenotype among the O blood group donors and patients in Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Material and methods: This research was done at Khyber Medical University Peshawar's Institute of Paramedical Science. This trial lasted six months. The samples came from Peshawar's transfusion centres and hospitals. A total of 1050 O blood donors and patients were tested. The tube technique was used to categorise forward and backward blood. Forward blood grouping used anti-sera A, B, and D, whereas reverse blood grouping used known as red blood cells from A, B, and O blood types. Results: No cases of Bombay phenotype were detected in the entire study. Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, the Bombay phenotype is not prevalent in Peshawar. Keywords: Bombay blood group, O blood group donors and patients, forward and Reverse blood grouping.

Objectives. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is defined as damage to spinal cord that result in loss of sensory, motor and autonomic function. With advancement in medical profession, it is reported that the death rate of SCI patients decreases, and patients survive after initial injury therefore, problem extends beyond patients to their family members. Caregiver is responsible to provide emotional, physical and functional support. As a result, burden on caregivers increases, which not only affected them physically but mentally as well. In this study we aimed to find out the mental burden among caregivers of spinal cord injured patients. Methods. Census was conducted among caregivers of SCI patients in paraplegic centre, Peshawar. Data was collected from 80 participants/caregivers, included both male and female. Zarit burden interview scale was used to gather data regarding mental burden from caregivers of SCI patients. SPSS version 25 was used for data analysis. Outcomes. In this study the number of participants who responded to this survey was 80 out of 86 participants. Among these 80 participants, 59 (73.75%) were male while 21 (26.25%) were female with mean age of 31.83 ± 12.050. Participants experienced different intensities of mental burden (11.3% no or little burden, 31.3% mild to moderate, 45% moderate to severe and 12.5% had severe burden. Response to question 3, 4, 20 and 21 was quite different from other questions in questionnaire. Significant difference between means of male and female caregivers regarding mental burden was calculated (p = 0.030). No significant difference between age and total score obtained was found (p = 0.116). Conclusions. Caregivers of SCI patients had moderate to severe level of burden. Response to certain questions in questionnaire was quite different from others. There was significant difference between means of male and female caregivers regarding mental burden and no significant difference between age and total score obtained was found in caregivers of SCI patients.