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The current study examined the determinants of electricity consumption and also intends to forecast the electricity consumption in Pakistan. The study has used time series data analysis, applied Johansen Cointegration Test, error correction mechanisms and regression for examining determinants and autoregressive integrated moving average model is used for forecasting. The study has used times series secondary annual data on different variables for the period ranging from 1970 to 2018. The results of the study showed that gross domestic product and population have positive impact on electricity consumption. Whereas, National output (GDP) is statistically significant in the determination of total electricity consumption. The results also indicated that increase in the real economic activities has increases the total electricity consumption. Furthermore, the results of electricity consumption model also suggest that electricity price have negative impact on total electricity consumption. As electricity demand is inelastic to electricity price and income, it indicates that fewer substitutes of electricity are available in the market. Hence electricity is essential component of energy for economy. The results of the current study can be useful for the policymakers and government regulatory bodies relating to electricity.

This paper highlights the importance of energy in the determination of growth for economy of Pakistan. This study has been taken for the period of 1972-2015. Along with energy consumption some other important variables are also put into investigation. The Johansson co-integration estimation technique has been used to estimate the required impact. The results show that energy consumption contributed positively and significantly to long run economic growth. While the said impact is statistically insignificant in the short run, the study suggested on the basis of results that energy sources should be explored to boost which may possible to satisfy the energy need of the country and to get guaranteed economic growth in the long run. Therefore, Government should pay special attention toward the country’s energy sector to stabilize the economy which assures prosperity in the country.

BACKGROUND: Salivary gland neoplasms make about 3 % of all Head & Neck tumours. Thesetumors are uncommon, accounting for 10 to 15% of all salivary gland neoplasms. Unfortunately themajority of such tumours are malignant. The study aims to give an account of the nature of these tumors.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the departmentsof ENT Head & Neck Surgery of two main tertiary care hospitals of Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa i.e. PGMIHayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar and PGMI Govt lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from July2008 to June 2013. Data extracted from charts review of patients contained age, sex, geographicaldistribution, symptoms, histopathological diagnosis, and treatment. Patients presented to thesedepartments with lesions on the palate and who were managed there were included in the audit. Datathus obtained were analyzed using SPSS 16.RESULTS: A total of 46 patients including 19 male and 27 female presented with primary neoplasmsoriginating in the palatal minor salivary glands were enrolled in the audit. These included 11 benign and35 malignant lesions. Most of the patients were Pakistani (29) as compared to Afghani population (17).Patients ranged in age from the second to the eighth decades, with a female preponderance. The mostcommon malignant lesion was mucoepidermid carcinoma followed by adenoid cystic carcinomawhereas in benign category pleomorphic adenoma was more common tumor.CONCLUSION: The vast majority of neoplasms of the minor salivary glands in the palate aremalignant. These should be managed without delay with wide excision and subsequently subjected tohistopathology to arrive at a correct diagnosis..KEY WORDS: Minor salivary glands, neoplasms, palate, malignant, Benign.

The main objective of the study is to find out the determinants of petroleum supply and also to forecast the future supply of petroleum in Pakistan for the period of 1972-2018.Johenson Cointegration technique is employed to get the required objective. It is assumed that GFCF, FDI, FOP and Technology are the main determinants of petroleum supply in the country based on past literature. Sign of the coefficient of the variables are in line with theory. The study concludes that GFCF, FOP and Technology are statistically significant determinants of total petroleum supply in Pakistan. The study forecasted the petroleum supply in Pakistan from 2019 to 2030 by using ARIMA model. The results show that average forecast value of total petroleum 11864.3 by 2030. According to the ARIMA forecasted results, there is increasing trend in the supply petroleum products. The finding of the study shows that the price of petroleum and technology has positive impact on total petroleum supply. The results showed that price elasticity of petroleum supply is inelastic. The results of forecasted values showed the increasing trend in supply of petroleum.