A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is an integrated mechanism to maintain water body to meet the water quality standards of its designated uses. This research was intended to determine the TMDL of Beton Reservoir, a structure built to regulate the water discharge of Beton karst spring in Gunungkidul, Indonesia, especially during the rainy season. The TMDL calculation referred to the Regulation of the Minister of State for Environment No. 28 of 2009 on TMDLs of Lakes and/or Reservoirs that required a calculation of morphological and hydrological characteristics, and water quality to meet Class II standard issued in the Regulation of the Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta No. 20 of 2008. The results showed that Beton Reservoir had a total volume of 22 586.83 m3, a surface area of 18 673.12 m2, and a depth of averagely 1.21 m and released water at a rate of 0.48 m3 s–1. From the perspective of quality, the TSS and DO of its water had exceeded the standards, whereas the other parameters: temperature, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, total PO4, and NO3 were within their allowable presence in the water. Based on TMDLs for TSS, DO, BOD, COD, total PO4, and NO3, the Beton Reservoir can no longer accommodate TSS and NO3 while continuing to meet the standards for these pollutants. High levels of TSS and NO3 are attributable to the agricultural activities taking place on the catchment and the flow concentration typical of karst regions.
Sumberdaya airtanah di kawasan karst diimbuh oleh dua sistem utama, yakni sistem alogenik dan sistem autogenik. Imbuhan alogenik adalah imbuhan airtanah di kawasan karst yang berasal dari luar kawasan karst. Imbuhan ini memiliki kerentanan terhadap pencemaran yang tinggi karena merupakan sistem terbuka. Namun demikian, imbuhan alogenik memiliki peranan yang besar dalam menyuplai airtanah di kawasan karst karena kuantitasnya yang besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kualitas air pada sungai-sungai alogenik yang ada di Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu, Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Penelitian dilakukan pada musim kemarau di saat sungai bawah tanah menjadi sangat penting karena merupakan satu-satunya sumber air yang masih dapat dimanfaatkan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di lima lokasi yaitu Sistem Sungai Alogenik Sumurup, Kalisuci, Tumbul, Kalimati dan Seropan. Analisis kualitas air dilakukan berdasarkan baku mutu air (PP nomor 82 tahun 2001 dan berdasarkan pada standar kualitas air yang disusun oleh Todd dan Mays pada Tahum 2005). Penilaian tingkat pencemaran pada penelitian ini didasarkan pada Metode Storet. Kualitas air pada musim kemarau sungai-sungai alogenik di Kawasan Karst Gunungsewu, Kabupaten Gunungkidul terdiri dari kelas I sampai dengan IV. Klasifikasi tingkat pencemaran di lokasi kajian adalah cemar sedang sampai dengan cemar berat.
Bribin Underground River supplies raw water for a government-owned water company, PDAM, and has more potential than the other three of its sources, namely Baron, Seropan, and Ngobaran. In addition to sufficient quantity, raw water has to meet a set of water quality standards. This research was intended to describe the quality of raw water from the source to the service areas spatially. The water quality was measured directly in the field and then in the laboratory using the water samples collected by the purposive sampling technique. The test analyzed physical, biological, and chemical parameters. According to Governor Regulation No. 20 of 2008, some water quality parameters of Bribin Underground River exceed the standards for Class I raw water i.e. TSS, pH and NO3. Besides, according to the Decree of Health Minister No 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010, pH and total coliform number exceed the standard. A spatial variation in water quality was detected from Bribin Underground River to customer taps, especially in parameters that have significant changes, such as pH, EC, TDS, TSS, nitrate, and total coliform. Spatially, the content of TDS and EC that correlates each other show a fluctuating result according to water flow treatment in water treatment plant (WTP) and the reservoir. pH and total coliform show increasing trends of number from the source to customer taps, whereas TSS and nitrate show decline trends.
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