Objective Probiotics are beneficial in human health. In this study, we investigated the effect of probiotics on absorption of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist used in the treatment of angina and hypertension, in a rabbit model. Methods Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 probiotic was administered for 14 days to male New Zealand rabbits. Blood samples were collected before and after probiotic supplementation. Amlodipine (10 mg) was then administered to all groups. Blood samples from a marginal vein were withdrawn at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes to determine amlodipine concentrations in rabbit plasma. Results Amlodipine concentrations in the L. plantarum IS-10506 group were 4.95 ± 1.22, 8.71 ± 0.69, and 12.48 ± 2.53 ng/ml, and those in the control group were 1.69 ± 0.31, 3.89 ± 1.23, and 7.17 ± 1.85 ng/ml at 30, 60, and 120 minutes, respectively after administration of amlodipine. Amlodipine concentrations in the L. plantarum IS-10506 group were significantly higher than those in the control group at 30, 60, and 120 minutes after amlodipine administration. Conclusion Our results suggested that supplementation of L. plantarum IS-10506 significantly increases amlodipine plasma concentrations in rabbits.

Atenolol (ATE) is a cardio-selective β-blocker that is used in the treatment of hypertension over extended periods. However, ATE, like propranolol, has major potential for misuse as a performance-enhancing drug in several sports. Therefore, an efficient and selective separation method is required to detect and monitor the level of ATE in the body. This paper presents a molecularly imprinted polymer with specific and selective binding to ATE using precipitation polymerization. We show that when employed in an optimized molecular imprinted solid phase extraction (MI-SPE) protocol, recoveries of 93.65 ± 1.29% from spiked blood serum with excellent discrimination from other β-blocker drugs is possible. The methodology used in this study includes molecular modeling interaction between ATE and itaconic acid (ITA) as functional monomer, followed by determination of binding constants with spectrophotometry, synthesis of the polymer using precipitation polymerization and ending with characterization and application of polymers to extract ATE in serum. Docking analysis revealed a binding affinity between ATE and ITA of −2.0 kcal/mol with the formation of hydrogen bonding. The association constant between ATE and ITA was studied by UV titration in two different solvents, with evidence of an association constant 6.277 × 10 2 M −1 measured in acetonitrile: methanol (1:1). An optimized MI-SPE protocol was developed for the extraction of ATE from spiked blood serum, obtaining recoveries of 93.65% with excellent selectivity toward other β-blocker drugs.

Banyak masyarakat yang menggunakan obat tradisional baik untuk pengobatan maupun perawatan. Secara umum, obat tradisional yang dikenal masyarakat adalah jamu. Dalam perkembangannya, ada produsen yang menambahkan bahan kimia obat (BKO) ke dalam jamu. Penelitian ini dilakukan sebagai studi pendahuluan untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan dan penggunaan obat tradisional di masyarakat. Data diperoleh dari 34 responden dan hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 88,2% masyarakat mengenal jamu, 29,4% mengetahui obat herbal terstandar dan hanya 3% yang mengetahui fitofarmaka. Walaupun mayoritas masyarakat mengenal jamu, hanya 17,6% yang mengetahui kalo ada jamu yang ditambahkan BKO. Hasil ini dapat berkorelasi dengan dengan tingkat penggunaan obat tradisional di masyarakat, karena hanya 20,5% yang mengkonsumsi jamu. Hasil studi pendahuluan ini menunjukkan bahwa perlunya pemerataan dan penyampaian informasi secara langsung kepada masyarakat agar masyarakat dapat lebih memahami dan berhati-hati. Kata kunci: obat tradisional, jamu, bahan kimia obat, kuisioner

Codeine is derived from morphine, an opioid analgesic, and has weaker analgesic and sedative effects than the parent molecule. This weak opioid is commonly used in combination with other drugs for over-the-counter cough relief medication. Due to the psychoactive properties of opioid drugs, the easily obtained codeine often becomes subject to misuse. Codeine misuse has emerged as a concerning public health issue due to its associated adverse effects such as headache, nausea, vomiting, and hemorrhage. Thus, it is very important to develop reliable analytical techniques to detect codeine for both quality control of pharmaceutical formulations and identifying drug misuse in the community. This review aims to provide critical outlooks on analytical methods applicable to the determination of codeine.

Objective: To develop and validate a simple, accurate, and precise HPLC method for the determination of caffeine in green coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.) from three districts of West Java, Indonesia. Methods:The analytical method was conducted using Enduro C-18 (250 x 4.6 mm) column with methanol: water (37: 63) as a mobile phase, the flow rate was 1.0 ml/min, and the detector wavelength was set at 274 nm. The selectivity, linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and system suitability testing Results:The retention time of caffeine was 6.36 min. % RSD for precision was 0.192. The linearity of the method was obtained using a concentration range of 1-200 ppm with the correlation coefficient of 0.998. The limit of detection was 9 ppm and the limit of quantitation was 28 ppm. The accuracy was in between were evaluated as the parameters of validation. 90.723%-102.853Conclusion: The proposed HPLC method meets the acceptance criteria of validation parameters and can be applied for routine analysis. %. Caffeine levels from Garut, Pangalengan, and Tasikmalaya were 1.454 ± 0.004%, 1.574 ± 0.082%, and 2.280 ± 0.004%.Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a central nervous system stimulant that prevents drowsiness, improves short-term memory, influences human circadian timing, and improves the effectiveness of particular drugs. It is an alkaloid which naturally found in the seeds, leaves or fruits of more than 63 plants species worldwide [1][2][3]. Caffeine is widely consumed by humans for many years as foods and beverages containing caffeine including coffee beverage [4][5][6]. The world's major source of caffeine is the coffee bean, that is the seed of the coffee plant [2]. I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f A Ap pp pl li ie ed d P Ph ha ar rm ma ac ce eu ut ti ic cs s