Summary Background Manica flexoria (MF) tears are a well‐recognised cause of lameness in horses presenting with effusion of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS). Ultrasonography (US) is a commonly used first line imaging modality during examination of horses presented with DFTS effusion. However, its reported sensitivity for detection of MF tears is low. Objectives To describe a novel US technique to predict the location of the MF tear. Study design Prospective descriptive observational study. Methods Twenty‐two horses (23 limbs) diagnosed with MF tears were included in the study. A standardised US protocol including examination with the limb weight bearing and non‐weight bearing was used. Furthermore, with the limb held in flexed position digital pressure was simultaneously applied to the medial and lateral proximal DFTS outpouchings in axial direction. The aim was to create turbulence of the synovial fluid within the DFTS and improve visualisation of the torn MF. The US examination was performed by one experienced operator and one junior clinician. All horses underwent tenoscopic examination. Results In all cases MF tear was diagnosed during tenoscopic examination of the DFTS. The location of the MF tear was correctly predicted in 91.3% (21/23) of the limbs. The main features used to predict location of the MF tear included floatation of the torn fibres of the MF within the synovial fluid, increased distance between DDFT and SDFT on the side at which the MF was torn and recoiling of the MF on the side contralateral to the tear. Main limitations Relatively small number of cases included. Conclusions The novel US technique was useful to identify the location of MF tear and facilitate identification of the previously described ultrasonographic features consistent with tears of the MF. The agreement between operators was perfect as from the data analysis.

Summary The objective of this study was to describe lateral patellar instability (LPI) in a population of weanling Standardbreds and characterise the prevalence, clinical features, imaging findings and long‐term follow‐up. A total of 222 weanling Standardbreds were examined between June 2017 and December 2019 for presales examination, and LPI was identified in four horses. Presumptive diagnosis was made on clinical and dynamic examination at walk and confirmed by radiography. One horse was subject to euthanasia for causes related to LPI (Case 3), and computed tomography (CT) of both hindlimbs was performed post‐mortem in order to better characterise the anatomical variations of the affected stifle. The intertrochlear groove angle (IGA), the angle of anteversion (AA) of the femoral neck, the anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) and the degree of tibial torsion (TT) were measured. LPI prevalence in Standardbreds weanlings was 1.8%, and it carried a poor athletic prognosis. Radiographic abnormalities were observed in the shape of the patella, characterised by a rounder profile and a less pronounced sagittal crest. The abnormal limb also presented a wider IGA, an outward rotation of the proximal aspect of the tibia and varus deformity of the femorotibial joint compared with the contralateral limb. LPI seems to occur with a high prevalence in the Standardbred weanling population, and our findings suggest that LPI is related to a combination of epiphyseal dysplasia and rotational and angular abnormalities of the affected limb. No effective treatments have been reported.

No abstract

Background: City circuit competitions (Palio) in Italy are traditional horse race held in the heart of some cities centre once a year. The prevalence of accidents during these competitions is only anecdotally reported; however there is a diffuse perception that these events adversely affect racehorse industry and impact on equine welfare. The aim of the study is to understand the basic physiopathology of catastrophic fracture of the carpus in a 7-y old thoroughbred euthanized following catastrophic fracture of the left carpus during a traditional horse race, comparing the localization and the magnitude of the contact forces at the level of the affected joint, obtained in simulated conditions with the macro- and microscopic structural damages.Methods: A retrospective analysis of a thoroughbred racehorse galloping at high speeds on an urban racetrack conditions was set up. Computational modelling of the carpal joint was generated using a multibody code for dynamics simulation, considering the circuit design, the speed of the animal, and the surface characteristic. The results were compared to the findings observed during computed tomography, micro-computed tomography and histological evaluation following hematoxylin and eosin and safranin-O fast green staining.Results: The articular surfaces of the radial, intermediate and ulnar facet of the radius together with the proximal articular surface of small carpal bones exhibited diffuse wear lines, erosions of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone exposure. The fracture line along the radial carpal bone initiating the injury does not travel in a region with bone sclerosis. In the computational model, the peak force for the contact between the radius and the radial carpal bone has a value of 6880 N. Conclusions: This study highlight how during traditional racing circuits it develops elevate impact forces at the level of contact surfaces of the carpal joint, due to effect of speed and curve, causing catastrophic bone fracture and hyaline cartilage breakdown in the absence of pre-existing pathology.

Obtaining a healthy wound environment that is conductive to healing in horses can be challenging. Negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) has been employed in humans to enhance wound healing for decades. The existing evidence for the effectiveness of NPWT remains uncertain in equine medicine. The aim of this review is to investigate NPWT applications and benefits in horses. A scoping review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews on three databases (PubMed, Web of Science-Thompson Reuters, and Wiley Online Library). Twenty-four manuscripts were considered. After removing duplicates, 17 papers underwent abstract screening. Of these, 16 + 1 (cited by others) were evaluated for eligibility according to PICOs, including no case reports/retrospective studies, four original articles, and three reviews. Fifteen manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. The focus of the articles was wound management; they included three reports of wounds communicating with synovial structures. Traumatic wounds and surgical-site infections are indications for NPWT. NPWT presents several advantages and few complications making it an attractive alternative to conventional wound management. However, randomized controlled trials should be performed to quantify the benefits and establish precise protocols in horses.