Doping of nitrogen into MnO2 is employed as an efficient catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of HMF to DFF under an oxygen atmosphere.

We report the design and synthesis of an oxygen vacancy-abundant spinel-structured MnCo2O4 oxide as a highly efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation.

The viscosity of the CaO-Al 2 O 3 -MgO slag system has been measured by the rotating cylinder method up to 1823 K. The MgO content was between 0?39 and 11?33 wt-%, and the mass ratio of CaO/Al 2 O 3 was between 0?60 and 1?28. The results indicated that both the MgO content and the mass ratio of CaO/Al 2 O 3 have an influence on the viscosity of the slag. The effect of the mass ratio of CaO/Al 2 O 3 is larger than that of the MgO content. The viscosity decreased with increasing MgO content and then increased. The effect of the mass ratio of CaO/Al 2 O 3 on the viscosity was similar. The main mineralogical compositions of the slag were determined by X-ray diffraction, and their effects on viscosity were investigated. The measured results were in good agreement with those given by the Iida model.

Condensation of 2-amino-phenols with carboxylic acid derivatives has been practically used for the production of benzoxazoles, wherein the homogeneous catalytic system including strong acids and dangerous peroxides is generally employed. Herein, we report the novel approach for controlled synthesis of nitrogen-doped MnO x (denoted as N-MnO 2 , N-Mn 5 O 8 , and N-Mn 3 O 4 ), by adjusting the heteroatom nitrogen amount, and uncover that the N-MnO 2 catalyst as a sustainable and costeffective heterogeneous catalyst exhibits high catalytic performance for condensation of 2-amino-phenols and o-phenylenediamine with alcohols into the corresponding benzoxazoles and benzimidazole, respectively. The N-MnO 2 catalyst displays >99.9% yield for benzoxazole synthesis under room temperature and no decay (10 cycles), compared with the neglect activity (∼0%) for MnO 2 catalysts. X-ray absorption spectroscopies and experimental studies uncovered that oxygen vacancies generated by heteroatom N doping play a key role for promoting intramolecular oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohol and 2-aminophenol derivatives to directly yield desired products. N-MnO 2 catalyst rapidly oxidative dehydrogenated the reactants into corresponding benzoxazoles for 10 examples with >87.6% yields.