Objective. It has been reported that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in multiepisode patients with schizophrenia is 35.3%, which is 2- to 4-fold higher than in the general population. The study is designed to compare the glycolipid metabolism in patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) with sex- and age-matched healthy controls to investigate changes in serum levels of homocysteine (Hcy), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and their relationships with the glycolipid metabolism in patients with FES. Methods. His case-control study included 88 patients diagnosed with FES and 88 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Patient psychopathology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD-17). Patients with FES were classified into MS and non-MS groups. Results. There were significant differences in the education level, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference between the patients with FES and healthy controls (all p > 0.05 ). The patients with FES had higher levels of FPG and blood glucose at the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (2 h glucose) concomitant with higher proportion of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) than healthy controls (all p < 0.001 ). It was revealed that the patients with FES showed higher serum levels of Hcy, MIF, and hs-CRP than healthy controls (all p < 0.001 ). The serum level of Hcy shared positive correlations with the score of PANSS totals (r = 0.551) and the negative syndrome of the PANSS scale (r = 0.494). The serum levels of MIF and hs-CRP was only positively correlated with the negative syndrome of the PANSS scale (r = 0.320 and r = 0.446). The level of Hcy shared positive correlations with the levels of FPG, 2 h glucose, and HOMA2-IR; the level of MIF was only positively correlated with the level of HOMA2-IR; the level of hs-CRP had a positive correlation with both levels of FPG and 2 h glucose (all p < 0.001 ). The levels of Hcy, MIF, and hs-CRP all shared positive correlations with the TG level and negative correlations with the HDL-C level (all p < 0.001 ). There were remarkable differences between the MS and non-MS groups with regard to BMI, waist circumference, negative subscale of the PANSS scale, FPG, TG, and HDL-C (all p < 0.05 ). Elevated levels of Hcy, MIF, and hs-CRP were detected in the MS group compared to the non-MS group (all p < 0.05 ). Conclusion. These findings suggest that increased concentrations of HCY, MIF, and hs-CRP may contribute to the abnormal glycolipid metabolism in the context of schizophrenia.

BackgroundThe geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) has been used as a significant tool to access the nutritional status of the elderly. However, the relationship between the GNRI and femur bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of osteoporosis remains unclear in American postmenopausal women.ObjectivesWe aimed to explore associations between the GNRI with femur BMD and the risk of osteoporosis in American postmenopausal women.MethodsWe merged the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2013–2014, and 2017–2018 to ensure a large and representative sample, including 3,152 participants. The linear relationship between the GNRI and femur BMD was assessed via a weighted multivariate linear regression model. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between the GNRI and the risk of osteoporosis were assessed by a weighted logistic regression model. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship was also characterized by smooth curve fitting (SCF) and a weighted generalized additive model (GAM).ResultsAfter adjusting for all covariates, the weighted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that the GNRI was positively correlated with femur BMD. The weighted logistic regression models demonstrated that each unit of increased GNRI value was associated with a decreased risk of osteoporosis of 4.13%. When categorizing GNRI based on quartiles, ORs between the risk of osteoporosis and the GNRI across quintiles 2, 3, and 4 compared with quintile 1 were 0.5565 (95% CI: 0.4791, 0.6463; P &lt; 0.000001), 0.5580 (95% CI: 0.4600, 0.6769; P &lt; 0.000001), and 0.3475 (95% CI: 0.2681, 0.4505; P &lt; 0.000001). The trends similar to the above were also observed in SCF and GAM.ConclusionThis study indicated that nutritional status, represented by the GNRI, was positively associated with femur BMD and negatively associated with the risk of osteoporosis in American postmenopausal women. The GNRI may be a good tool to identify American postmenopausal women who need further bone health nutritional support.

ObjectivesThe study aimed to explore the associations between dietary magnesium (Mg) intake and magnesium depletion score (MDS) among American adults with osteoporosis.MethodsThe continuous data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006, 2007–2008, 2009–2010, 2013–2014, and 2017–2018 were merged to ensure a large and representative sample and a total of 14,566 participants were enrolled for the analysis. The weighted multivariate linear regression model was performed to assess the linear relationship between dietary Mg intake and osteoporosis. Further, the non-linear relationship was also characterized by smooth curve fitting (SCF) and weighted generalized additive model (GAM). In addition, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for associations between the MDS and osteoporosis were assessed by weighted logistic regression models.ResultsAfter adjusting all covariates, the weighted multivariable linear regression models demonstrated that the dietary Mg intake negatively correlated with osteoporosis, especially in participants aged 55 years or older. In addition, the non-linear relationship characterized by SCF and weighted GAM showed that the dietary Mg intake presented an L-shaped association with osteoporosis among females aged 55 years or older. Moreover, the weighted logistic regression model demonstrated that compared with MDS 0, the OR between MDS ≥3 and osteoporosis was 2.987 (95% CI 1.904, 4.686) in the male-middle intake group. Moreover, compared with MDS 0, the ORs between MDS ≥3 and osteoporosis was 5.666 (95% CI 3.188, 10.069) in the female-low intake group and 1.691 (95% CI 1.394, 2.051) in the female-middle intake group.ConclusionThe present study indicated that in people with a daily intake of Mg level below the recommended daily intake (RDI), the dietary Mg intake and Mg bioavailability represented by MDS have a negative correlation with osteoporosis. According to the results, the combination of MDS and dietary Mg intake may be more comprehensive and rigorous in screening the population with osteoporosis. Therefore, early monitoring and interventions for osteoporosis may be necessary for those with insufficient dietary Mg intake or high MDS scores.

Objective. Unexplained infertility (UIF) or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) affects 10%–15% of couples in their reproductive years and is multifactorial and not completely elucidated. In this study, we attempt to determine the endometrial expression pattern of non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage (NORAD) in women with UIF and RPL, as well as its clinical significance. Methods. The microarray dataset GSE165004 was used to identify differentially expressed RNAs in the endometrial samples between women with RPL and fertile women and between women with UIF and fertile women. A total of 142 women were included in this retrospective analysis, including 32 women with UIF, 48 women with RPL, and 62 fertile women. The relative expression level of NORAD in the endometrial tissues was quantified by qRT-PCR. Results. NORAD stood out as an only overlapped lncRNA among differentially expressed RNAs in the endometrial samples between RPL and fertile women and between UIF and fertile women. It was showed that the endometrial tissues of UIF and RPL both were demonstrated with lower relative expression levels of NORAD (UIF: 2.09 ± 0.68; RPL: 1.98 ± 0.65) than the endometrial tissues of normal fertility (4.32 ± 1.04) ( P < 0.001 ). Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the serum level of E2 was negatively correlated with the relative expression level of NORAD in the endometrial tissues of UIF (r = −0.630) and RPL (r = −0.696). Results of ROC curves showed that the endometrial expression of NORAD could be used to differentiate RPL and UIF with an AUC of 0.977 (95% CI: 0.956–0.999) and 0.970 (95% CI: 0.941–0.998), sensitivity of 0.873 and 0.955, and specificity of 0.845 and 0.948, respectively. Conclusion. The findings obtained from the study showed that the low endometrial expression of NORAD was linked to fertility-related problems, such as UIF and RPL.

PurposeThe objective of this study was to evaluate the association between thyroid hormone and bone mineral density (BMD) among euthyroid adults.MethodsThis cross-sectional study researched the information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2010. We included 3,759 euthyroid participants finally. We used multivariate linear regression models to evaluate the linear relationship between the thyroid hormone profile and BMD. Subgroup analyses stratified by gender and age were further performed. Moreover, the nonlinear relationship was characterized by fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models, and logistic regression models were used to determine the association of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) with previous fractures.ResultsThe weighted multivariable linear regression models showed no association between TSH and BMD. Free thyroxine (FT4), T4, free triiodothyronine (FT3), and total triiodothyronine (T3) were negatively associated with the total femur BMD and the total spine BMD after adjusting for all covariates. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that all groups had a negative association between T4 and BMD, even in patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis. The nonlinear relationship characterized by smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models suggested that an obvious U-shaped, an inverted U -shaped, and an L - shaped curve was exhibited between thyroid hormone and BMD in the different subgroups. In addition, normal high-level T4 was associated with an increased prevalence of previous fractures than normal low-level T4.ConclusionsIn this sample of euthyroid adults, T4 exhibits a negative correlation with BMD, regardless of age and gender, in subjects with either normal or lowered BMD. Moreover, high-normal FT4 was associated with an increased prevalence of previous fractures. TSH was not associated with variations of BMD and the fracture risk.