Patients with lung cancer constitute a special group in the modern world. Cardiovascular diseases and complications associated with antitumor treatment affect prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. This determines the importance of risk stratification, selection of optimal personalized therapy, study of long-term prognosis, and search for new prognostic markers. We conducted a systematic review to summarize important aspects of the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The authors discuss adverse events associated with the use of polychemotherapy, immune therapy, as well as biochemical, metabolomic and genetic markers of cardiovascular damage.