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Further studies are required to demonstrate whether tramadol or neostigmine have a role in the management of post operative pain when coadministered with lidocaine.

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Administration of neostigmine (1 μg/kg) combined with lidocaine (0.2 mg/kg) in the caudal epidural space induced analgesia for 2.5 hours with a low prevalence of adverse effects in standing conscious geldings. Epidural doses of neostigmine greater than these should be avoided because they may cause undesirable effects in geldings.