Acute stress promotes transient elevation of blood pressure, but there is no consistent evidence that this effect results in hypertension. In this systematic review of cohort and case-control studies that investigated the association between psychosocial stress and hypertension, we conducted a complete search up to February 2007 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PSYCINFO and LILACS, through a search strategy that included eight terms to describe the exposure, six related to the design of the studies and one term for outcome. The quality was assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The selection was done in duplicate by two teams of independent reviewers. Among 82 studies selected in the second phase, only 14 (10 cohort studies and 4 case-control studies), totalling 52 049 individuals, fulfilled the selection criteria. The average quality of the studies was 6.6 ± 1.3 in a 9-point scale. Acute life events were associated with hypertension in one and were not associated in two studies. Five out of seven studies found a significant and positive association between measures of chronic stress and hypertension, with risk ratios ranging from 0.8 to 11.1. Three out of five studies reported high and significant risks of affective response to stress for hypertension, one a significant risk close to a unit and one reported absence of risk. Acute stress is probably not a risk factor for hypertension. Chronic stress and particularly the non-adaptive response to stress are more likely causes of sustained elevation of blood pressure. Studies with better quality are warranted.
HALAL, I.S. et al. Avaliação da qualidade de assistência primária à saúde em localidade urbana da região sul do Brasil. Rev. Saúde Pública, 28: 131-6,1994. Foi estudada transversalmente uma amostra de 10% dos pacientes que consultaram em dois Postos de Assistência Primária à Saúde da Cidade de Pelotas (RS), Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar, qualitativamente, o cuidado à saúde que estava sendo oferecido. Através de entrevistas domiciliares, 15 dias após a consulta, a resolução do problema (cura ou melhora) foi alcançada em 87,9% dos pacientes. A satisfação do paciente ou de seu responsável, no caso de consultas pediátricas, foi observada em cerca de 90% dos casos e esteve associada estatisticamente com a resolução do problema (p = 0,04). Observou-se associação entre resolutividade e disponibilidade de medicamentos no Posto. Os pacientes que receberam todo ou pelo menos parte do tratamento tiveram uma probabilidade 33% maior de terem seu problema resolvido. A satisfação dos profissionais mostrou-se linearmente associada com a percepção de melhor relação profissional-paciente (RP = 3,48; IC 95% 2,17 -5,59) e com a expectativa de melhor prognóstico para o paciente (RP = 1,99; IC 95% 1,36 -2,91).Descritores: Cuidados primários de saúde. Avaliação de processos e resultados (cuidados de saúde). Satisfação do paciente.
Introdução
Material e MétodoOs dados aqui apresentados foram obtidos através da realização de um estudo transversal em dois postos de saúde da rede de assistência primária à saúde da Cidade de Pelotas (RS). A área de abrangência dos dois postos cobre uma
Resumo
ObjetivoDeterminar a prevalência e a distribuição de distress na esfera psicológica na população urbana adulta. Métodos Foram estudadas 3.942 pessoas maiores de 20 anos, do município de Pelotas, RS. Distress foi definido por meio de um indicador de bem-estar, a Escala de Faces, e através da autopercepção de nervosismo. O teste do qui-quadrado foi usado para testar associação com características sociodemográficas. Resultados A prevalência de distress psicológico foi de 14% quando se utilizou a Escala de Faces e de 31,8% para a autopercepção de nervosismo. Conclusões As mulheres, os mais velhos, os mais pobres e os indivíduos de menor escolaridade foram os grupos que apresentaram as prevalências mais altas de distress quando comparados a seus pares.
Abstract
Objective
To determine the prevalence and distribution of psychological distress in an urban
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1999 to investigate the association between stressful psychosocial events and psychological distress. A Faces Scale was used to measure the outcome. Death and illness in the family, divorce, robbery, injury, migration, and loss of employment in the previous year were investigated through interviews with 3,942 individuals over 20 years. Logistic regression followed a hierarchical model using socio-demographic characteristics at the first level; psychosocial events at the second; and psychological distress at the third. Injury and migration were not associated with the outcome. The strongest effect was associated with divorce (adjusted OR=2.34). The highest population-attributable risks were from socioeconomic variables (education 38.2%; family income, 32.3%) and the occurrence of at least one event (36.4%). Public policies aimed at ameliorating adverse social factors such as loss of employment and crime, as well as social support to help individuals manage stressful life events are likely to improve psychological well-being.
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