CONICYT), que financia el presente estudio a través del proyecto FONDECYT 11121177 "Conflictos de género, inserción laboral e itinerarios migratorios de las mujeres peruanas en Chile: un
PALABRAS CLAVEApropiación espacial, fronteras, espacio urbano, triple frontera andina.
Presentamos un estudio de caso etnográfico sobre migrantes peruanas desarrollado en tres espacios urbanos de Arica (Chile): el Terminal Internacional de Buses, el Agromercado, y los Campamentos Areneros y Coraceros. Tras discutir las estrategias metodológicas del estudio, planteamos algunas interrogantes en torno al cómo la frontera y la espacialidad han sido entendidas en los estudios migratorios. Luego, situaremos Arica en el marco de la frontera chileno-peruana, explicitando algunos de los procesos históricos que condicionaron las 'configuraciones culturales' de la ciudad. Los apartados etnográficos describirán las dependencias del Terminal Internacional y sus alrededores, observando la circulación migratoria que lo caracteriza; el Agromercado municipal, dando cuenta de los nichos laborales que las migrantes peruanas ocupan en él; y los Campamentos, donde observamos una dinámica de parcial fijación de las migrantes en el espacio. Las consideraciones finales ofrecen algunas reflexiones teóricas que redimensionan la etnografía.
In this article, we analyze the integration between the two main and largest Free Trade Zones (FTZ) in South America: Ciudad del Este, in Paraguay, and ZOFRI, in Iquique, Chile. To do so, we review the historical background, the central characteristics and the commercial dynamics of each one of them. To understand the link between the two FTZs, we propose an integration model based on the dynamics of commercialization on two scales: “top-down” (capital investment, international trade agreements, state policies, and large-scale smuggling) and “bottom-up” (micro-scale trade, distribution, and smuggling). Unlike “top-down” and “bottom-up”, the more classical postulates of “transnationalism” that tend to assume that these are two levels that function independently, in this study, we show that both levels are completely interdependent and that this is the result of the overlapping of legal and illegal practices, as well as of formal and informal practices that occur in the marketing circuit between the two FTZs. Our methodological approach is based on focused interviews and ethnographic records, and on a review of specialized literature and institutional and press documents.
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