These data demonstrate the low infection rate associated with this prophylaxis regimen.

Purpose: To investigate diurnal changes of choroidal sublayer perfusion in normal eyes and to identify influencing factors using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: A prospective study was conducted on healthy volunteers, each of whom underwent repeated measurements of subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) via enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT) as well as perfusion of choroidal vascular sublayers using OCTA at 7 a.m., 12 p.m., 4 p.m. and 8 p.m. Possible interactions between diurnal variations and other factors, such as mean arterial pressure (MAP), gender and age, were evaluated. Results: A total of 22 eyes from 22 participants were analysed. Mean age of participants was 56 years. A significant pattern of diurnal variation was observed for SFCT (p < 0.001) as well as perfusion of Sattler's layer (SLP; p = 0.009) and Haller's layer (HLP; p = 0.003). SFCT demonstrated a linear decrease, being thicker in the morning (348 lm) and thinner in the evening (310 lm). Both, SLP and HLP showed a quadratic relation to time of day, increasing from morning (64% and 76%) to afternoon (66% and 77%), before decreasing again in the evening (64% and 76%). HLP changes were significantly associated with fluctuations of MAP (B = 0.0007; CI 0.0001-0.0014; p = 0.047). No significant differences with regard to gender were detectable. However, older participants (≥60 years) had fewer diurnal changes (p = 0.042). Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography angiography-based analysis of choroidal sublayer perfusion demonstrated significant diurnal variations. Therefore, it is important to account for time of day, when comparing longitudinal OCTA data.

PurposeTo evaluate the impact of correct anatomical slab segmentation on foveal avascular zone (FAZ) dimensions in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).MethodsParticipants with healthy retinas were recruited, and 5 × 5 mm OCTA images were acquired using the Canon HS-100 Angio eXpert module. FAZ size was measured in automatically (AS, manufacturer-based) and manually (MS, anatomical-based) segmented OCTA slabs by two experienced graders. FAZ dimensions, inter-rater agreement, and correlation to demographic and retinal parameters were evaluated.ResultsA total of 38 eyes from 20 healthy adult subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. While in AS slabs, the FAZ in the SCP was smaller than in the DCP, in MS images, it was the opposite. MS had a relevant impact on inter-rater agreement of FAZ measurements in the SCP. The FAZ area in both plexus correlated inversely with the central retinal thickness (CRT), irrespective of the segmentation applied. Furthermore, an enlargement of FAZ size in the DCP with increasing age was found. Finally, the FAZ in female participants was significantly larger than in their male counterparts, regardless of the evaluated plexus and chosen segmentation.ConclusionsCorrect anatomical slab segmentation has a significant impact on FAZ size measurements. Not adjusting the segmentation boundaries represents a significant source of error for measuring FAZ area and confounds comparisons across studies as well as OCTA devices.

Since 1989 we have used serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels as an indication for ultrasound guided systematic biopsies of the prostate. Realizing that the PSA level in part reflects prostatic glandular epithelial volume, we reviewed the accumulated data on our last 2,340 biopsies to determine if the quotient of PSA and prostatic volume, prostate specific antigen density, provided any further diagnostic information. There were evaluable data for 2,020 patients. Prostate specific antigen density levels are shown to have a strong correlation with the diagnosis of prostate cancer and provide a more reliable indication for ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate than PSA alone.

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