The Coronavirus is a stress test not only for society but also for the legal order. It is usually the government first to respond. Still, Parliaments play an important role in the time of crisis as well. This is especially the case the longer the pandemic lasts. The Swiss Federal Parliament has seized its operations early in the pandemic. It has reconvened in May for an extraordinary session. The main topic of this session was the approval of the government's emergency measures. It was expected that the Parliament will also debate initiatives for emergency law from its members and that it will decide on its modus operandi. Also, the decision for an abortion of the session at the wake of the crisis was discussed. Proposals are to be expected to allow sessions by video conference. The paper will deal with the aforementioned questions from a legal perspective. It will analyse the nature of and the relationship between emergency law by the executive and the legislative branch. It focuses on the function of Parliament and its modus operandi in the moment of crisis. It will refer mostly to the Swiss Federal Parliament but will also, especially in comparison, take a look at cantonal law and practice. Some preliminary conclusions are offered at the end of the paper.

For transport of entomopathogenic nematodes to the user, developmentally arrested dauer juveniles (DJ) are mixed with inert carriers at high density. If quiescence is not induced, DJ will quickly lose energy reserves and die. To induce quiescence DJ can be moderately desiccated. This study investigated the desiccation tolerance by measurement of water activity (ow-value) tolerated by 50% of populations (WA50) of different Steinernema species and strains. DJ were tested with or without prior adaptation to desiccation stress. Stress conditions were produced by exposure to various concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) 600. Significant differences in desiccation tolerance were recorded between strains and species, but, except for Steinernema abbasi, not within strains of one species. Without adaptation to stress conditions, the most tolerant species was S. carpocapsae (WA50 = 0.836) followed by S. abbasi (0.86). Adaption to stress by exposure to an Ow-value of 0.95 for 48 h increased tolerance to 0.68 and 0.66, respectively. The least tolerant species were S. kraussei, S. giaseri and S. ethiopiense. Tolerance recorded would allow storage at a water activity that would inhibit growth of bacteria but not of fungi. Analysis of water activity tolerated by only 10% of the population indicated potential for genetic improvement by selective breeding for S. carpocapsae, S. abbasi and 5. arenarium to reach water activity levels that would also inhibit fungal growth.

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This collection presents a comparative analysis of the principle of effective legal protection in administrative law in Europe. It examines how European states con sider and enforce the related requirements in their domestic administrative law. The book is divided into three parts: the first comprises a theoretical introductory chap ter along with perspectives from International and European Law; part two presents 15 individual country reports on the principle of effective legal protection in mostly EU member states. The core function of the reports is to provide an analysis of the domestic instruments and procedures. Adopting a contextual approach, they con sider the historical, political and legal circumstances as well as analysing the relevant case law of the domestic courts; the third part provides a comparative analysis of the country reports. The final chapter assesses the influence and relevance of EU law and the ECHR. The book thus identifies the most important trends and makes a valu able contribution to the debate around convergence and divergence in European national administrative systems.

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