PjBL and STEM learning models can overcome the lack of critical thinking skills and collaboration. Those learning models involve 4C that support students’ critical thinking skills and collaboration. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of STEM-based PJBL models on students’ critical thinking skills and collaborative attitudes. This study was quantitative research with a descriptive method. The data had been collected using a critical thinking skills test, collaborative attitude questionnaires, and learning observation guidelines. Before performing data analysis, the researchers performed prerequisite tests consisting of the normality test, homogeneity test, variance-covariance matrix homogeneity test, N-Gain test, and effectiveness test. The basic assumption test results showed that the MANOVA test could be performed. The MANOVA test results revealed that the STEM-based PjBL learning model effectively improved students' critical thinking skills and collaborative attitudes.

Pandemi Covid-19 memaksa sistem pendidikan di Indonesia melakukan lompatan untuk mentransformasi pembelajaran dari yang bersifat konvensional (Offline) ke online learning atau e-learning. Kebijakan pemerintah melakukan transformasi sistem pembelajaran tersebut tidak didukungn dengan ketersediaan sarana prasarana pendukung pembelajaran online yang baik menimbulnya berbagai persoalan terjadi ditengah masyarakat seperti warga eks Timor Timur di Kecamatan Kupang Tengah. Masalah tersebut menyebabkan kegiatan pembelajaran tidak dapat berjalan secara efektif dan efisien. Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengidentifikasi tantangan pembelajaran serta  menganalisis dampak pembelajaran online terhadap pelayanan pendidikan warga eks Timor Timur. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu, Observasi terlibat (partisipatory research),Wawancara (Intervierw), angket,Studi dokumentasi. Analisis data dalam penelitian kualitatif dilakukan sejak sebelum memasuki lapangan, selama di lapangan, dan setelah selesai di lapangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Tantangan pembelajaran online bagi warga eks Timor Timur yaitu: Pertama, tingkat sumber daya manusia (guru, orang tua dan murid) yang rendah menyebabkan warga masyarakat kesulitan dalam mengelolah kegiatan pembelajaran online dirumah. Kedua, kurangnya perhatian pemerintah dan sekolah terhadap warga eks Timtim. Ketiga, lemahnya komunikasi dan pengawasan antara pemerintah, sekolah dan warga masyarakat yang berdampak pada proses bimbingan pembelajaran yang tidak berjalan efektif

The purpose of the study was to determine the disparity in the use of learning media and the barriers to the digitalization of learning media programs in the border areas of Indonesia and RDTL. The research approach is qualitative with descriptive method. Research informants are principals, teachers and students. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, document studies, questionnaires. The data analysis technique consists of 3 flow of activities carried out simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing/verification. The result of the research is that from a total of 17 border area schools with a total of 143 teachers, 122 teachers (85%) did not use digital-based learning media, while 21 teachers (15%) used digital-based learning media. The inhibiting factors for the use of digital-based learning media in border areas are, First, the development of technology-based infrastructure that has not been evenly distributed in the RI-RDTL border area. Second, the absence of free internet access for border area communities has an impact on the availability of internet quotas for teachers and students in carrying out online learning activities. Third, the low knowledge of teachers in managing online learning activities such as the use of digital-based learning media.

The purpose of this research is to find out the teacher's perspective on digital literacy in the rural areas of Timor Island. The research approach is qualitative with descriptive method. Research informants are school principals, teachers and students. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, document studies, questionnaires. Data Analysis Techniques consist of 3 streams of activities that are carried out simultaneously, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion/verification. The results of the study are that the diverse perspectives of teachers regarding digital literacy in schools have a low impact on the implementation of digital literacy at SDN Balfai, Kupang Regency. Out of a total of 29 teachers, there were 23 (79%) teachers who had not participated in digital literacy training activities, 6 teachers who had participated in digital literacy training activities (21%) The difference in perspective was the result of various problems in implementing digital literacy in schools, namely: First, the low level of teacher understanding of digital literacy is influenced by the lack of digital literacy training for teachers. Second, apart from that, the weak managerial role of school principals in formulating work programs to implement digital literacy in schools results in the absence of digital literacy programs. Third, the low role of the teacher in implementing school digital literacy. Fourth, online learning activities carried out during the Covid -19 pandemic have not had an impact on digital literacy habits for teachers and students.