Phytochemical screening and preliminary clinical trials of the aqueous extract mixture of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees and Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves in metformin treated patients with type 2 diabetes

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Palm kernel cake (PKC) was by-product of palm oil industry and it had potential to be one of the poultry ration ingredient However, its utilization for poultry was still limited because of the β-mannan in PKC. In order to increase PKC utilization in poultry ration, fermentation process was done to remodeled β mannan by using Bacillus subtilis. This research conducted a study on the effect of Bacillus subtilis inoculum dose and fermentation time to increase the enzyme activity of FPKC by using CRD with 3 × 3 factorial and 3 replications. Factor A was 3 doses of inoculum Bacillus subtilis: 3%, 5%, and 7%. Factor B was fermentation times which contained: (1) 2 days, (2) 4 days, and (3) 6 days. Parameters used were enzyme activity of mannanase, protease, and cellulase in FPKC. Significant interaction was seen between inoculum doses of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation time. There was also a significant interaction on each of the inoculums dose of Bacillus subtilis and fermentation time on all of the enzyme activity. This study concluded FPKC with Bacillus subtilis of 7% inoculums doses and 6 days fermentation time indicate the best result as seen from 24.27 U/ml of mannanase activity, 10.27 U/ml of protease activity, 17.13 U/ml of cellulose activity of fermented PKC.

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<p>The aim of this research was to determine the quality of fresh milk physically, chemically and microbiologically obtained from cow, goats and buffalo in West Sumatra. The research method applied was laboratory experimental to analyze nutritional value, the number of aerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, isolating and identifying lactic acid bacteria. Results showed that the nutritional value of milk had meet the requirements of Indonesian National Standardization, but the total colony of aerobic bacteria was above the allowed threshold of 1 x 10⁶ CFU/ml. In addition, each sample had a total colony of varied lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The lowest total LAB value obtained in cow's milk was 0.84±0.18 x10⁷CFU/ml, in contrast to buffalo milk and goat milk which had a higher total LAB of 36.8±17.57 x10⁷ CFU/ ml and 57.25±8.89 x10⁷ CFU/ml. However, all the colonies showed almost identical morphology of LAB isolates. It is concluded that fresh milk from West Sumatra contains LAB therefore sanitation control is still needed during handling of milk.</p>