This study identifies factors that shaped cash disbursement distribution policies employed by Brazilian public companies listed on the Brazilian Securities, Commodities and Futures Exchange (BM&FBOVESPA) from 1995 to 2011. Relationships between Dividends/Total Assets and potential determinants discussed in the literature, including firm size, corporate governance, profitability, leverage, market to book, liquidity, investment, risk, profit growth, information asymmetry and agency conflict, are examined. The following econometric methods are employed: (1) Tobit, given the nature of the dividend data, and (2) the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to control for endogenous regressors. Significant positive variables found include size, return on assets (ROA), market to book, liquidity and profit growth. It can thus be inferred that larger firm size, profitability, market value, liquidity and profit growth correlate with greater firm propensity to distribute money to shareholders, thus supporting the theory of corporate finance. Significant negative variables found include leverage, liquidity squared, capex, beta and tag along 100%. It is thus inferred that more significantly leveraged companies that invest more heavily in fixed assets and that exhibit high liquidity, higher risk and less conflict between controlling and minority shareholders will be less likely to pay dividends to shareholders.
A teoria clássica de gestão de caixa afi rma que manter reservas de caixa pode infl uenciar negativamente os resultados da empresa. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a relação entre a manutenção de reservas de caixa e o desempenho operacional de empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Utilizando dados em painel de 167 empresas brasileiras no período de 1995 a 2009 e aplicando os métodos pooled-OLS e system-GMM foi possível estabelecer uma relação robusta e estatisticamente signifi cativa entre reservas de caixa e desempenho. Os resultados evidenciaram que o desempenho medido pelo Retorno sobre o Ativo (ROA) e o Valor de Mercado avaliado pela razão Market-to-Book são afetados positivamente pela retenção de caixa das empresas. Em suma, concluiu-se que a retenção de grandes volumes de caixa pode ser considerada uma estratégia competitiva viável para as empresas, contrariando a teoria clássica sobre o assunto.
RESUMONo Brasil, a estrutura de governança corporativa é marcada pela forte concentração do direito de propriedade e controle em um acionista ou um bloco de controle. A teoria retrata os potenciais impactos da concentração acionária sobre o desempenho corporativo por meio das definições de efeito incentivo e efeito entrincheiramento. Inicialmente, a existência de um controlador tende a reduzir os custos de agência incorridos pela empresa e, portanto, representa benefícios a ela. No entanto, níveis elevados de concentração acionária podem implicar expropriação dos minoritários. Além de verificar empiricamente a eficácia de um mecanismo de governança corporativa para o desempenho, este estudo buscou avaliar em que medida a estrutura de propriedade afeta o risco e o valor das empresas. Nesse sentido, o objetivo principal da pesquisa foi investigar a relação entre a estrutura de propriedade e controle e valor, desempenho e risco das empresas brasileiras não financeiras listadas na BM&FBovespa entre os anos de 2004 e 2012. A pesquisa se classifica como descritivo-quantitativa e utilizou dados secundários, coletados do banco de dados Economática®, do site da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) e da BM&FBovespa. Os procedimentos econométricos envolveram o uso do modelo de regressão com dados em painel. Os resultados demonstraram a relação negativa e estatisticamente significativa entre concentração do direito de voto e valor de mercado (medido pelo Q de Tobin), corroborando o estudo de Claessens, Djankov, Fran e Lang (2002), e o efeito entrincheiramento. As variáveis de desempenho (ROA e Ebitda) e risco (volatilidade do retorno das ações) não foram afetadas de forma estatisticamente significativa pela concentração acionária. Em relação às dummies de crise e considerando em especial a crise de 2008, a significância e o sinal negativo na especificação de valor indicam que, na ocorrência de choques de retorno, as estruturas mais concentradas penalizam o valor da firma. Por sua vez, nos modelos cuja variável resposta foi o risco, as dummies alternaram de sinal conforme o período, ou seja, no auge do choque as empresas mais concentradas apresentaram maior volatilidade, mas, após o período agudo de crise, essa mesma estrutura de propriedade e controle reduziu a volatilidade.
Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of sovereign rating and corporate governance on performance of Latin American companies between 2004 and 2018. Design/methodology/approach This study performed a multilevel regression with fixed and random coefficients for 823 companies and verified the impacts of country, firm and time levels on the performance variation. The study alternated return on assets and Tobin’ Q as dependent variables and measured governance using the following variables: board size, chief executive officer/chairman duality, CEO/board member duality, dummy for the chairman as a former CEO, audit committee, independence and expertise of the audit committee. Findings Latin American companies performed better when their respective countries have a better sovereign rating and when they adopt better board of directors and audit committee mechanisms. Sovereign rating assumes distinct roles depending on the presence or absence of governance variables. Rating and governance may be substitute mechanisms to protect investors. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is the first to investigate the impacts of sovereign rating on firm performance in the Latin American scenario. The use of governance metrics – for example, the audit committee expertise and the dummy for chairman as a former CEO – is innovative in Latin American studies.
Different Corporate Governance mechanisms have been suggested to minimize agency problems between managers and shareholders, and between controlling and minority shareholders. The aim of this study is to analyze the corporate governance mechanisms result in greater efficiency for Brazilian stock companies in the electricity sector, in 2007-2009. The hypothesis to be verified is that the lower the voting concentration and the dependence of the council, and the greater the cash flow concentration, the greater the performance of the company will be. The analyzed sample involved thirty-three companies, fourteen being classified into one of the levels of CG (Level 1, Level 2 or New Market) and the remainder being members of the traditional market. To measure the efficiency of the companies, the non-parametric DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) method was used, and to relate the efficiency with the governance variables, we adopted regression analysis of panel data. The results demonstrated that the use of CG mechanisms positively influences business efficiency, but not in the expected magnitude. It was found that the cash flow concentration is positively related to the efficiency of firms, supporting the governance literature. For future work, the use of other input and output variables is suggested.
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