The extinction of ecological functions is increasingly considered a major component of biodiversity loss, given its pervasive effects on ecosystems, and it may precede the disappearance of the species engaged. Dispersal of many large-fruited (>4 cm diameter) plants is thought to have been handicapped after the extinction of megafauna in the Late Pleistocene and the recent defaunation of large mammals. We recorded the seed dispersal behavior of two macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus and Anodorhynchus leari) in three Neotropical biomes, totaling >1700 dispersal events from 18 plant species, 98% corresponding to six large-fruited palm species. Dispersal rates varied among palm species (5%–100%). Fruits were moved to perches at varying distances (means: 17–450 m, maximum 1620 m). Macaws also moved nuts after regurgitation by livestock, in an unusual case of tertiary dispersal, to distant perches. A high proportion (11%–75%) of dispersed nuts was found undamaged under perches, and palm recruitment was confirmed under 6%–73% of the perches. Our results showed that these macaws were legitimate, long-distance dispersers, and challenge the prevailing view that dispersal of large-fruited plants was compromised after megafauna extinction. The large range contraction of these threatened macaws, however, meant that these mutualistic interactions are functionally extinct over large areas at a continental scale.
In the Southern Pantanal, the hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus), an endangered species, often chooses the manduvi tree (Sterculia apetala) as a nesting site, because of its physical properties. In addition, the chemical composition of the wood may also contribute to a nesting selection by the hyacinth macaws. The objective of this study was to determine the main chemical components of S. apetala bark for two seasons, and evaluate its fungicidal potential. Bark samples from S. apetala trees with and without nests of A. hyacinthinus were collected in January (wet season) and August (dry season) of 2012. The inhibition of mycelium growth (MGI) from tree samples with and without nests were assessed using a phytochemical analysis to evaluate their antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. In both seasons, samples obtained from nested trees had higher content of total phenols than those collected from non-nested trees. The average content of total flavonoids was higher in January for samples with nest and in August for samples without nest. All selected samples showed antifungal activity, and those with nest collected in August (peak of hyacinth macaw breeding) resulted in an MGI of 51.3%. Therefore, this percentage, related to the content of flavonoids and the presence of coumarins, may influence the reproductive success of hyacinth macaws and other species of birds, in this region. This is the first chemical study report with the stem bark of S. apetala.
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o potencial turístico da avifauna encontrada em três áreas verdes da cidade de Campo Grande. As áreas do estudo são abertas ao público, caracterizadas como um parque, uma praça e uma lagoa. O levantamento qualitativo da avifauna totalizou 55hs de observação por meio do método de observação direta por pontos. As espécies foram registradas e se calculou a frequência de ocorrência (FO) de cada espécie por área analisada. Foram registradas 107 espécies que somam 12% das encontradas no bioma Cerrado e a arara-canindé foi a espécie com frequência absoluta de ocorrência nas três áreas. Cada uma das áreas apresentou espécies exclusivas e o parque, o maior número de espécies registradas, destacando-se como um local apropriado para realizar o roteiro de observação de aves. Porém, o potencial turístico dessa avifauna deve ser fortalecido com outras ações como observar se há complementariedade entre oferta e demanda, planejar e construir elementos próprios para as atividades de observação, organizar e apresentar modalidades da prática de observação de aves de acordo com as limitações da oferta e com o grau de envolvimento e especialização dos ‘birdwatchers’. A população local deve ser mobilizada e motivada a conhecer as aves que fazem parte da paisagem; a iniciativa privada pode se utilizar de um produto turístico formatado e criar novos produtos ou necessidades, como artesanato ou guias impressos; e a participação do poder público é imprescindível na promoção do produto ‘roteiro urbano de observação de aves’, como na manutenção de reservas naturais urbanas.
A maior biodiversidade em ambientes urbanos propicia menor vulnerabilidade aos problemas normalmente encontrados nestes contextos, como a poluição, assim, a conservação dos recursos naturais relaciona-se à melhor qualidade de vida da população. A partir disso, objetivou-se analisar a estrutura vegetacional em três áreas verdes urbanas e sua importância para a manutenção da avifauna em Campo Grande, MS. Os elementos considerados foram tamanho, utilização, entorno, estrutura da vegetação e os corpos hídricos para comparar riqueza e frequência de ocorrência das espécies de aves. Através de levantamento qualitativo, foram registradas 107 espécies de aves nas áreas estudadas. As aves encontradas com maior frequência absoluta de ocorrência foram Patagioenas picazuro e Ara ararauna. A área de vida de 89% das aves não se configura como ‘áreas alteradas’, indicando que a cidade, atualmente, apresenta boas condições ambientais.
Studies on the breeding of vulnerable and endangered bird species are hindered by low numbers of individuals, inaccessible location of nests, unfavourable environmental conditions, and complex behavioural patterns. In addition, intraspecific variation may emerge only following long-term, systematic observations of little-known patterns and processes. Here, data collected over 30 years were used to determine growth model of hyacinth macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus) chicks in the Pantanal biome of Brazil. During this period, the speed of growth and body mass of chicks varied widely. Four growth models were tested: logistic, Gompertz, Richards, and cubic polynomial. They were fitted using three biometric measurements: body mass, total length, and tail length. The best-fitting growth curves were identified using Akaike’s information criterion. The best models were the cubic polynomial for body mass, Richards for total length, and Gompertz for tail length. We confirmed the occurrence of dwarf individuals, whose body mass, total length, and tail length were 20%, 22%, and 70% smaller, respectively, than in the overall population. The dwarfs remain small in size after having fledged and are easily identified as adults. We discuss the importance of long-term studies to identify windows of opportunity for further research that will help in the conservation of endangered macaw species.
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