Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental condition, which may be associated with life-enduring cognitive dysfunction. It has been hypothesized that age-related cognitive decline may overlap with preexisting deficits in older ADHD patients, leading to increased problems to manage everyday-life activities. This phenomenon may mimic neurodegenerative disorders, in particular Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). This cross-sectional study aims to assess cognitive and behavioral differences between older subjects with ADHD and MCI.Methods: A total of 107 older participants (41 controls; 40 MCI and 26 ADHD; mean age = 67.60 ± 7.50 years; mean schooling = 15.14 ± 2.77 years; 65.4% females) underwent clinical, cognitive, and behavioral assessments by a multidisciplinary team at the Memory Clinic, D'Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mean scores in neuropsychological tasks and behavioral scales were compared across groups.Results: Participants with ADHD showed poorer performances than controls in episodic memory and executive function with large effect-sizes. Performances were comparable between MCI and ADHD for all domains.Discussion: MCI and ADHD in older individuals are dissociated clinical entities with overlapping cognitive profiles. Clinicians ought to be aware of these converging phenotypes to avoid misdiagnosis.

Neste trabalho, dados de poluentes legislados e não legislados foram obtidos em uma região industrial-residencial no Rio de Janeiro, no período de abril a novembro de 2002. As concentrações de formaldeído e acetaldeído encontradas estavam na faixa de 25,25-231,73 ppb e 9,48-75,74 ppb respectivamente. Estas altas concentrações podem ser atribuídas a diversas fontes: emissões veiculares e industriais, a presença de incineradores de lixo, efluentes e rejeitos despejados no rio Faria Timbó e emissões de uma industria de metanol. As concentrações médias de BTEX foram: 1,92, 9,02, 6,37, 21,65 e 5,99 μg m -3 para benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno, m,p-xileno e o-xileno, respectivamente. As concentrações médias de PM 10 mostram valores máximos para o mês de outubro, abril e junho. As concentrações obtidas nas simulações foram para o mês de agosto usando um modelo de trajetórias. A concentração máxima de ozônio calculada foi de 39,8 ppb, as 15:00 horas, obtendo uma boa concordância com os dados experimentais (38,5 ppb). A isopleta de ozônio mostra que o local está em uma região alta de VOC/NO x , típica de áreas suburbanas e a favor do vento.In this work, data for criteria and non-criteria pollutants were obtained in a suburban industrial-residential area in Rio de Janeiro, from April to November 2002. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations were found in the ranges 25.25-231.73 ppb and 9.48-75.74 ppb, respectively. These high concentrations may be attributed to several sources: vehicular and industrial emissions, the presence of several trash incinerators, effluents and waste rejected in the Faria Timbó river and emissions from a methanol industry. Average BTEX concentrations were: 1.92, 9.02, 6.37, 21.65 and 5.99 μg m -3 for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene, respectively. PM 10 concentrations showed maximum mean values in October, April and June. Simulated concentrations were obtained for August 2002 using a trajectory model. The maximum calculated ozone concentration was 39.8 ppb, at 3:00 pm, in good agreement with experimental data (38.5 ppb). The ozone isopleths show that the local is in the high VOC/NO x region, typical of suburban and downwind areas.

Objectives Anosognosia is the inability to recognize one's own symptoms. Although dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common degenerative dementia, there is little evidence of memory deficit awareness in this condition. The objectives of this research were to compare anosognosia between individuals with DLB and dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to evaluate whether medial temporal atrophy, a marker of AD pathology, could help to explain different rates of anosognosia in DLB and dementia due to AD. Methods/Design This is a cross‐sectional study that took place at the Memory Clinic of D’Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR). Twenty individuals with DLB and 20 with dementia due to AD were included in this study. We assessed anosognosia for memory using an index derived from subjective memory complaints (using the Memory Complaint Questionnaire) and from the performance in memory neuropsychological testing (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test). Thirty‐one participants also underwent brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging to evaluate hippocampal atrophy with a visual scale (MTA‐score [medial temporal atrophy score]). Results There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, years of education, sex or time of disease. Individuals with DLB had a higher index of anosognosia than dementia due to AD (2.92 and 1.87; p = 0.024), meaning worse awareness of memory deficits. MTA‐score was slightly higher in dementia due to AD than in DLB, albeit without statistical significance. Conclusion Our study was the first to demonstrate that anosognosia for memory is worse in DLB than in dementia due to AD. This finding supports the hypothesis that anosognosia in DLB is a heterogeneous phenomenon.

Taking into account that neuropsychological studies with subjects with language pathologies can contribute to the investigation of the organization of syntactic knowledge, the objective of this work is to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect based on data from subjects with pathologies that affect their language. More specifically, we aimed to investigate the possible phrases associated with the types of the perfect aspect and the hierarchy among them. This work aims to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect. Therefore, we sought to verify a possible linguistic impairment of this aspect in individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Primary Progressive Logopenic Aphasia (LPPA). A double case study was carried out with one patient with AD and another with LPPA. The methodology consisted of applying functionality tests, neuropsychological tests, and linguistic tests. The results indicated that both the AD patient and the LPPA patient present functional decline and cognitive impairment, with the degree of impairment of the first patient being more extensive than that of the second one in both cases. Regarding language, the patient with AD showed impairment with all four types of perfect, present tense, and imperfective aspect, whereas the LPPA patient has shown impairment only in perfect of recent past and present tense. Based on the results we propose the existence of a phrase to perfect of recent past and the dominance of the temporal phrase over the perfect phrases in the syntactic hierarchy.

BackgroundEpisodic memory impairments have been described as initial clinical findings in the Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) spectrum, which could be associated with the presence of early hippocampal dysfunction. However, correlates between performances in neuropsychological tests and hippocampal volumes in AD were inconclusive in the literature. Divergent methods to assess episodic memory have been depicted as a major source of heterogeneity across studies.MethodsWe examined correlates among performances in three different delayed-recall tasks (Rey-Auditory Verbal-Learning Test–RAVLT, Logical Memory and Visual Reproduction subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale) and fully-automated volumetric measurements of the hippocampus (estimated using Neuroquant®) of 83 older subjects (47 controls, 27 Mild Cognitive Impairment individuals and 9 participants with Dementia due to AD).ResultsInter-method correlations of episodic memory performances were at most moderate. Scores in the RAVLT predicted up to 48% of variance in HOC (Hippocampal Occupancy Score) among subjects in the AD spectrum.DiscussionTests using different stimuli (verbal or visual) and presenting distinct designs (word list, story or figure learning) may assess divergent aspects in episodic memory, with heterogeneous anatomical correlates.ConclusionsDifferent episodic memory tests might not assess the same construct and should not be used interchangeably. Scores in RAVLT may correlate with the presence of neurodegeneration in AD.