THE ‘BIG PROJETCS’ AND THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON URBANIZATION PROCESS: social consequences and territorial transformationsLOS ‘GRANDES PROYECTOS’ Y EL PROCESO DE URBANIZACIÓN DE LA AMAZONÍA BRASILEÑA: consecuencias sociales y transformaciones territorialesRESUMOEste artigo apresenta uma síntese da relação entre os “Grandes Projetos” e o processo de urbanização da Amazônia brasileira e aponta para as consequências sociais e territoriais decorrentes. A pesquisa pretende analisar (i) a origem e o desenvolvimento das grandes contradições e conflitos socioeconômicos que caracterizam as cidades amazônicas, e (ii) o resultado das mudanças impostas na organização do espaço geográfico, baseada no padrão de uso da terra, que satisfaz principalmente os interesses dos grandes empreendimentos do agrobusiness da pecuária e da mineração.Palavras-chave: Urbanização; Amazônia Brasileira; Conflitos Sociais; Ocupação Territorial.ABSTRACTThis paper presents a synthesis regarding of relationship between the “Big Projects” and the urbanization process in the Brazilian Amazon and points to the resulting social and territorial consequences. The research intends to analyze (i) the origin and development of the contradictions and social conflicts that characterize the Amazonian cities and (ii) the result of the changes imposed on the territorial organization, based on the land use pattern, which mainly satisfies the interests of the large enterprises linked to agribusiness, livestock and mining.Keywords: Urbanization; Brazilian Amazon; Social Conflicts; Territorial Occupation.RESUMENEste artículo presenta una síntesis de la relación entre los “Grandes Proyectos” y el proceso de urbanización en la Amazonía brasileña y señala las consecuencias sociales y territoriales resultantes. La investigación pretende analizar (i) el origen y el desarrollo de las grandes contradicciones y conflictos socioeconómicos que caracterizan a las ciudades amazónicas, y (ii) el resultado de los cambios impuestos en la organización del espacio geográfico, en función del patrón de uso del suelo, que satisface principalmente Los intereses de las grandes empresas en el sector agropecuario y minero.Palabras clave: Urbanización; Amazonia Brasileña; Conflictos Sociales; Ocupación Territorial.
A B S T R A C TThe marine sediment samples collected from the northeastern Brazilian continental shelf, at water depths between 20 and 80 m, consisted mainly of sands with an almost total absence of gravel and granules. Medium, coarse and very coarse sand grains are mostly composed of halimeda, lithothamnium, rodoliths and bioclastic sands with a carbonate content varying between 77 and 96 %. The chemistry in general shows a decreasing content of Ca (86.1 %) >Si (6 %) > Cl (3.6 %) > Sr (0.8 %) > K (0.66 %) > S (0.62 %) > Al (0.6 %) > Na (0.55%) > Mg (0.43 %) > Fe (0.4 %) > P (0.2 %) > Br (0.04 %) in the samples. There was no correlation between CaCO3 and chemical contents and grain size with depth and biocomponents. With the exception of Sr of marine origin, all other elements (P, S, Br, Cl, Fe) are of continental origin. The lithothamnium of some offshore samples shows higher CaCO3 content, while Mg and Na are present only in halimedas. Bioclastic sands contain no Br, and silt and clay fractions are rare and characterize samples closer to the coast. These marine bioclastic granulates are of very pure biogenic calcium carbonates and are thus highly to be recommended for economic purposes. R E S U M OOs granulados marinhos, da Plataforma Continental do nordeste brasileiro, coletados de profundidades entre 20 e 80 m, são predominantemente areias cascalhosas constituídas de halimedas, litotames, rodolitos e areias bioclásticas, cujos teores de carbonatos variam de 77 a 96 %. A concentração média geral de elementos químicos na ordem decrescente é Ca (86.1 %) > Si (6 %) > Cl (3.6 %) > Sr (0.8 %) > K (0.66 %) > S (0.62 %) > Al (0.6 %) > Na (0.55 %) > Mg (0.43 %) > Fe (0.4 %) > P (0.2 %) > Br (0,04 %), independentemente da profundidade e tipo de bio-componente. Com exceção do Sr, que é de origem marinha, os demais elementos (P, S, Br, Cl, Fe) são de origem continental. Elementos como Mg e Na foram restritos às halimedas em apenas duas amostras, enquanto Br não foi detectado nas areias bioclásticas. Os maiores percentuais de frações finas (silte e argila) foram encontrados em amostras mais próximas à costa. Altas concentrações de carbonato de cálcio biogênico caracterizam esse depósito que pode ser considerado como recurso mineral marinho de importante valor econômico.
RESUMO -As concentrações de Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn e Pb nas diferentes fases do ambiente sedimentar (trocável, orgânica, redutível e residual) são analisadas nos sedimentos de fundo dos canais de drenagem mais importantes de Belém -Quintino, Tamandaré, Reduto e Una -e no rio Guamá. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos metais associa-se preferencialmente à fase residual no rio Guamá e às fases redutível e residual, no caso dos canais. De um modo geral, os metais Fe, Zn e Pb se associam geralmente à fração redutível, enquanto Cu, Cr, Mn, Co e Ni mostram-se relacionados à fração residual.Palavras-chave: metais pesados; fases geoquímicas; sedimento de fundo; rio Guamá. Geochemistry of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Guama River and Main Drainage Channels ofBelém, Pará, Brazil.ABSTRACT -The concentrations of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in the main geochemical phases of the sediment (exchangeable, bound to organic matter, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, and residual) were studied in the bottom sediments of the Guamá river and the drainage channels (Tamandaré, Quintino, Reduto, and Una) of Belém, Pará. The concentrations of metals in the bottom sediments of the Guamá river showed to be associated mainly to residual phase, whereas in the channels they are linked to Fe-Mn oxides and residual phase. Generally, in the analized sediments, the groups of metals Fe, Zn, Pb are showing association with the Fe-Mn oxides phase, and Cu, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni with residual phase.
Phosphorus, manganese, sulfur (S), lead, and strontium of atmospheric total suspended particulate matter, sampled during the rainy season and the dry season 2002 at the Ilha Grande Island (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) have been analyzed by XRF techniques.The results showed total mean concentrations of 27± 16 ng P m -3 , 11±7 ng Mn m -3 , 159±126 ng S m -3 , 4.3±2.6 ng Pb m -3 , and 208±148 ng Sr m -3 . Generally, there is no clear influence of the two different climatic periods on the concentrations of most analyzed trace elements, with exception of sulfur the mean concentration of which, during the dry season, is about 60% higher than during the rainy season. This is probably due to biomass burning, a common practice in the Brazilian Southeast and Amazon region and/or to the presence of marine aerosols. The linear correlation coefficients strongly suggest the same source for P, Pb, and Mn. Some Pb, Mn, and P concentrations are in the range of typical values of urban areas. Potential sources of such elements are the urban and industrial emissions from the States of Rio de Janeiro and/or São Paulo.
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