Aim A remarkable increase in metabolic syndrome (MetS) has occurred in HIV‐infected subjects. Gut dysbiosis is involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Therefore, the aim is to explore the profile of the gut microbiota in Mexican population with HIV infection and MetS. Methods and Results In all, 30 HIV‐infected patients with MetS were compared to a group of 30 patients without MetS, treated with integrase inhibitors and undetectable viral load were included in the study. Stool samples were analysed by 16S rRNA next‐generation sequencing. High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein >3 mg L−1 and higher scores in cardiometabolic indices were associated with MetS. The group with MetS was characterized by a decrease in α‐diversity, higher abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Prevotella, as well as a dramatic decrease in bacteria producing short‐chain fatty acids. Prevotella negatively correlated with Akkermansia, Lactobacillus and Anaerostipes. Interestingly, the group without MetS presented higher abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Anaerofilum, Oscillospira and Anaerostipes. Functional pathways related to energy metabolism and inflammation were increased in the group with MetS. Conclusions HIV‐infected patients with MetS present a strong inflammatory microbiota profile; therefore, future strategies to balance intestinal dysbiosis should be implemented.

Antiretroviral therapies (ART) are strongly associated with weight gain and metabolic syndrome (MetS) development in HIV-infected patients. Few studies have evaluated the association between gut microbiota and integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based and protease inhibitor (PI)-based regimens in HIV-infected patients with MetS. To assess this, fecal samples were obtained from HIV-infected patients treated with different regimens (16 PI + MetS or 30 INSTI + MetS) and 18 healthy controls (HCs). The microbial composition was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The INSTI-based and PI-based regimens were associated with a significant decrease in α-diversity compared to HCs. The INSTI + MetS group showed the lowest α-diversity between both regimens. A significant increase in the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing genera (Roseburia, Dorea, Ruminococcus torques, and Coprococcus) was observed in the PI + MetS group, while Prevotella, Fusobacterium, and Succinivibrio were significantly increased in the INSTI + MetS group. Moreover, the Proteobacteria/Firmicutes ratio was overrepresented, and functional pathways related to the biosynthesis of LPS components were increased in the INSTI + MetS group. The gut microbiota of patients receiving INSTIs showed a more pronounced dysbiosis orchestrated by decreased bacterial richness and diversity, with an almost complete absence of SCFA-producing bacteria and alterations in gut microbiota functional pathways. These findings have not been previously observed.

Plasmablastic lymphoma is an aggressive variant of large B-cells lymphoma in which the infection by Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Epstein-Barr herpesvirus are involved. This recently denominated neoplasia has a special tropism through the oral cavity. However, its presence has been reported in the digestive tract, abdominal cavity and retroperitoneum. We describe two Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected patient cases with rectal presentation of PL in the HIV service of the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara.