Oxidative stress indicators in biopsies were low and localized in some specific areas of the seminiferous tubules. PON1 was detected in seminal fluid at very low levels but with no significant differences between patients and controls. Receiveroperating characteristic analysis showed a low diagnostic power of semen PON1 levels. CONCLUSIONSThe present study shows high protein expression levels of PON1, PON2 and PON3 in testicular cells. The concentrations and activities of PON1 in semen are negligible and are probably the result of cellular catabolism, with no significant biological function in the testes. KEYWORDSantioxidants, high-density lipoproteins, male subfertility, paraoxonase 1, paraoxonase 2, paraoxonase 3What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Oxidative stress seems to be one of the biochemical causes of defective sperm function. Paraoxonases are antioxidant enzymes that degrade lipid peroxides. There is a paucity of data on the possible role played by these enzymes in the pathophysiology of male sub-fertility.The present study shows that testicular tissue of sub-fertile patients clearly expresses paraoxonases-1, 2, and 3. These findings suggest a role for these enzymes in the protection against lipid peroxidation inside the cell. However, the concentration and activity of paraoxonase-1 in semen are negligible and are probably the result of cellular catabolism, with no significant biological function.Study Type -Aetiology (case series) Level of Evidence 4 OBJECTIVETo characterise the immunohistochemical sites of paraoxonase (PON) 1, PON2 and PON3 in human testicular tissue, and to analyse PON1 levels in semen, aiming to investigate the role played by these enzymes in the pathophysiology of male subfertility. PATIENTS AND METHODSThe present study was performed in 41 semen samples from normal donors and in 52 semen samples and ten testicle biopsies from patients who were being evaluated for causes of subfertility. RESULTSImmunohistochemical analyses showed high levels of PON1 and PON3 expression in testicular tissue. PON2 expression was also detected, albeit at weaker levels.

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A Deus, por ter me dado a coragem suficiente para continuar quando minhas forças estavam me traindo, por cuidar de mim, mesmo não merecendo, por estar ao meu lado nos momentos que mais precisei, por ser fiel e amigo, mesmo que às vezes não o retribua.Ao terminar este período de gostaria agradecer às seguintes pessoas que influenciaram determinantemente na minha formação e não poderia de deixar aqui constado meus eternos agradecimentos a:

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El término mascogo se asocia con muskogui -o se deriva de él-, siendo este el nombre de un pueblo indígena y de su lengua, originarios del sureste de los Estados Unidos de América; entre otras formas empleadas para hacer referencia a dichos pueblo y lengua se encuentran: mascogui, maskoki, muskogee o creek. A su vez, el pueblo indígena muskogui se encuentra relacionado cultural e históricamente con el pueblo seminol, del mismo origen, aunque este gentilicio ha sido interpretado como una adaptación de la palabra castellana cimarrón. Las lenguas de ambos pueblos guardan por igual un vínculo genealógico muy estrecho 1 .Los muskoguis y los seminoles comparten la experiencia de haber pertenecido a las "Cinco tribus civilizadas", calificativo aplicado al menos desde el siglo xviii por los colonizadores y posteriormente por los estadounidenses. Entre otros de los rasgos que caracterizaron a tales tribus y que fueron adoptados de las prácticas socioculturales europeas se pueden enumerar el cultivo de la tierra como parte de la economía grupal, así como el contar con servidumbre, mano de obra y/o fuerza de trabajo -para algunos, todo ello, modalidades del esclavismo-operadas por población afrodescendiente 2 .