β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids. In this work, carbohydrate-derived β-carbolines (βCs), 1-(1,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline isomers ( 1a/b ), 1-(1,4,5-trihydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline ( 2 ), 1-(1,5-dihydroxypent-3-en-1-yl)-β-carboline ( 3 ), and 1-(1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxypent-1-yl)-β-carboline ( 4 ) were identified and analyzed in commercial foods. The concentrations of βCs 1–4 in foods ranged from undetectable to 11.4 μg/g levels, suggesting their intake in the diet. Processed foods contained higher amounts than fresh or unprocessed foods, and the highest content was found in processed tomato and fruit products, sauces, and baked foods. βCs 1–3 were formed in foods during heating, and 1a/b were the main compounds. The formation of carbohydrate-derived βCs was studied in model reactions of tryptophan and carbohydrates. They formed in reactions of tryptophan with glucose under acidic conditions at temperatures higher than 80 °C. The formation of 1a/b was favored, but 2–3 increased at high temperatures. Noticeably, the βCs 1–3 formed in the reactions of tryptophan with fructose or sucrose, and the formation from fructose was much higher than from glucose. Thus, fructose was the main carbohydrate involved in the formation of 1–3 , whereas sucrose gave these βCs after acid hydrolysis. It is shown for the first time that the mechanism of formation of βCs 1–3 occurs from the sugar intermediate 3-deoxyglucosone that reacts with tryptophan affording these carbohydrate-derived βCs. A mechanism of reaction to give βCs 1–3 is proposed that relies on the tautomerism (keto–enediol or enamine–imine) of intermediates involved in the reaction. Carbohydrate βCs 1–4 were assessed as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO), as antioxidants, and for their interaction with DNA. They were not good inhibitors of MAO-A or -B, were poor antioxidants, and did not appreciably interact with DNA.

Este trabajo pretende ser una primera aproximación a la dimensión del despilfarro de recursos públicos en infraestructuras en España desde 1995 hasta la actualidad en los distintos niveles de gobierno. A partir de algunas precisiones sobre los conceptos de despilfarro y corrupción, se analiza, de una parte, la inversión y los sobrecostes en infraestructuras innecesarias impulsadas y ejecutadas por la Administración General del Estado en el ámbito de sus competencias, y de otra, infraestructuras, proyectos, eventos e inversiones fallidas, vacías o infrautilizadas acometidas por las Comunidades Autónomas y los gobiernos locales. Se abordan los déficit de marco institucional y de gobernanza territorial y se sugiere una posible agenda de reformas a partir de unas conclusiones generales.

Tertiary education in Chile has increased radically over the past 20 years. According to the Higher Education Information Service (Servicio de Información de Educación Superior: SIES), in 2018, there were 1,188,423 students enrolled in undergraduate programs, totaling 94.1% of the 1,262,771 students enrolled in Higher Education Institutions (SIES, 2018). In fact, there are both private and public universities available for students who seek an undergraduate program. In this context, nursing is an increasingly in-demand program and an option for all ages in this country. In general, this program calls for and develops skills and qualities essential to the Nursing profession, amongst them: technical knowledge, critical thinking, empathy and strong communication skills. The purpose of this paper is to examine the main difficulties that undergraduate nursing students, at a Chilean private university, encounter when conducting their research proposal. Two instruments were used to collect data: an online self-administered questionnaire consisting of 14 closed-ended questions and a rubric to assess students’ research proposals. The sample comprised of a total of 41 students, who were in the 23-52 age group. The average age was 34 years (SD= 5.78). Female students accounted for 88.5% of the total group. Findings indicate that there is a gap in research skills in these students. This article is based on the author’s teaching experience.

Abstract-This paper presents an approach to designing the user experience for interactive systems in open scenarios that involve augmented reality and mobile devices. We discuss the methodology we have used, which is a variation of contextual design, and resulting prototypes for a platform that will provide functionality for users to interact with augmented reality features in cultural and historical places, which are referred to as points of interest. Also, we report on preliminary results of the evaluation of our prototypes with potential users.Index Terms-Augmented reality, contextual design, gamification, point of interest, user experience.