We have examined the effect of male sexual hormones on the regeneration of skeletal muscles. Degeneration/regeneration of the left soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) of Wistar male rats was induced by an injection of snake venom (2 microg, Notechis scutatus scutatus). During the muscle regeneration (25 days), rats were treated with either oil (CON), nandrolone (NAN), NAN combined with exercise (NAN + EXE) or were castrated (CAS). Muscle growth and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform content of regenerating muscles were studied. Castration altered the concentrations of MyHC in venom-treated EDL (P < 0.01) and soleus (P < 0.05). NAN increased the mass (P < 0.01) of regenerating soleus and decreased the relative amount of fast MyHC protein (% of total, P < 0.05). The effect of NAN + EXE on the fast MyHC proteins of venom-treated soleus was opposite (P < 0.05). NAN and NAN + EXE were without effect on the regenerating EDL (P > 0.05). In conclusion, it is possible that male sexual hormones play a role in the growth (synthesis of contractile proteins) of regenerating muscles in rat. In addition, contrary to NAN + EXE, NAN could be beneficial to soleus regeneration.

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Sedau Village is one of the villages in Narmada District, West Lombok Regency. Sedau Village is a tourist destination where the famous Mount Jae campsite is located. However, the environmental conditions of the area are still well-preserved. Around the tourist sites, there is a river flow containing a significant amount of sand and gravel, which the people in the area mine. Problems appeared as the West Lombok Government wanted to stop the sand mining while the Sedau Village Government supported it. This study aims to examine sand mining activities’ socio-economic and environmental impacts. The research methods used are field observation and direct interviews. Data were obtained from socio-economic and environmental sectors based on field observations and direct interviews with the miners and the local village community. The data is presented in the form of tabulated data. The study results indicate that the impact generated on the socio-economic and environmental aspects is positive, including an improvement in economic welfare, the condition of the river getting deeper, allowing it to accommodate larger volumes of water and preventing overflow during the rainy season.

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