The scarcity of medical equipment has been inevitable since the Covid-19 pandemic emerged in 2020. Developing countries, part of the Global South, might have unfortunate conditions due to their lack of medical equipment. As part of the Global South, China has been providing assistance, having Indonesia as one of its main recipients. This study focuses on China’s assistance and vaccine cooperation with Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the earlier outbreak, China has provided Indonesia with multiple assistance, such as PCR test kits, medical and N95 masks, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), and then engaging on vaccine development. The study recognizes two types of interests, the normative and material ones, shaping China’s motives. By analysing both interests, it is found that the cooperation between China and Indonesia shows that China has allowed Indonesia to be actively involved in dealing with the impact of the global pandemic. In addition to solidarity (normative interest), China’s assistance is also a form of its effort to pursue economic expansion (material interest).

Kapal Api Group as the lead firm of the coffee industry in Indonesia has become one of the main players in the global value chain. This achievement cannot be separated from the upgrading strategy implemented by Kapal Api from upstream to downstream. This research examines the global value chain of PT Kapal Api Global by analyzing the upgrading strategy that focuses on functional upgrading and intersectoral upgrading. Besides that, this research also further reviews how the company synergizes with government and non-governmental actors, as well as explores the implementation of domestic and international norms at PT Kapal Api Global. Through all the information and data obtained, the authors also provide four upgrading solutions or recommendations that can be implemented by PT Kapal Api Global in the future, such as product innovation and expansion, involvement of cultural elements, marketing strategies abroad, and cooperation with non-governmental organizations.

Globalization, which coincides with the formation of a global economic network, has provided convenience in various aspects as well as created new threats, one of them is illegal poaching and illegal trade in wildlife commodities. This is illustrated in this paper through the integration of Africa into the dynamics of the global economy which also has a negative impact in the form of increasing cases of illegal poaching and trade in wildlife commodities, especially African rhino species. The results of this qualitative research found that the issue of poaching wild rhinos in the African region experienced a drastic increase in the early 2010s and reached its peak in 2016 with South Africa as the hotspot as well as the starting point of the supply chain on this issue. Even though the South African government has ratified the Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) and made various prevention efforts, the South African government is still experiencing bureaucratic limitations and conflicts of interest in dealing with this issue. As a result, the “transnational” term of illegal wildlife hunting and trade operations also requires other collaborative steps involving various international state organizations (IGOs) and non-state (INGOs) working in the same field. Keywords: Rhinoceros, Rhino Horn, South Africa, Poaching, Illicit Trade   Globalisasi yang bersamaan dengan terbentuknya jaringan perekonomian global pada faktanya telah memberikan kemudahan di berbagai aspek sekaligus memunculkan berbagai ancaman baru, salah satunya adalah perburuan dan perdagangan komoditas margasatwa ilegal. Hal tersebut diilustrasikan dalam tulisan ini melalui integrasi Afrika ke dalam dinamika ekonomi global yang tidak hanya berdampak positif, tetapi juga memunculkan dampak negatif berupa meningkatnya kasus perburuan dan perdagangan komoditas margasatwa ilegal, khususnya spesies badak Afrika. Hasil penelitian kualitatif ini menemukan bahwa isu perburuan badak liar di wilayah Afrika mengalami peningkatan drastis di awal dekade 2010-an dan mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 2016 dengan Afrika Selatan sebagai hotspot sekaligus titik awal rantai suplai dalam isu tersebut. Kendati pemerintah Afrika Selatan telah meratifikasi Convention on International Trades on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) dan melakukan berbagai upaya pencegahan, pemerintah Afrika Selatan nyatanya masih mengalami keterbatasan birokrasi dan konflik kepentingan dalam mengatasi isu tersebut. Alhasil, sifat transnasional dalam operasi perburuan dan perdagangan satwa ilegal juga menuntut adanya langkah kolaboratif lain yang melibatkan berbagai organisasi internasional negara (IGOs) dan non-negara (INGOs) yang bergerak di bidang yang sama. Kata-kata Kunci: Badak, Cula Badak, Afrika Selatan, Perburuan, dan Perdagangan Ilegal