The study tries to address and define whether the sport is stressful for young athletes. Anxiety

D'Anna, C., Rio, L., & Paloma, F. (2015). Competitive sport and self-concept in adolescent. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 9(Proc1), pp.S425-S429. Self-esteem is the degree to which an individual values himself or herself globally. Several studies have shown that the self-esteem level is a key indicator of positive mental health and well-being. The belief that physical activity and sport are often associated with the best development of self-esteem in adolescent is a commonly held view. However in literature there aren't many studies that investigate the self-esteem level in young athletes that practice competitive sport activities. The aim of this study is to assess the self-esteem level comparing athletes who practice individual sport with athletes who play team sports. In last ten years it has become widely accepted that self-esteem is structured hierarchically and therefore on the top of all there is general self-esteem and secondly there are the various interrelated dimensions between them. The sample consisted of seventy-eight individuals, basketball athletes (M= 20, F= 14) and gymnasts (M=19, F=25). All the participants compiled the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Test (TMA, Erickson), a structural questionnaire on the specific domains (interpersonal relationship, competence, emotionality, school, family, body image). The results showed that both females and males who were physically involved in the practice of sports at competitive level (indifferently whether individual or team sport) have considerably highest level of self-esteem. This data confirms that individuals with the a higher self-esteem manage to apply themselves better in the high-level sports and, at same time, that the competition, for the all disciplines of sport, further strengthens self-esteem.

This contribution is part of a borderline field between different disciplines, such as: pedagogy, psychology and arts. From the identification of the quality of the educational relationship and of the emotional-relational competence of teachers as variables determining the quality of the teaching-learning processes, the characteristic dimensions and the needs for specific training are highlighted. These dimensions, which concern the sphere of the "being" rather than that of skills and knowledge, are still underestimated and not properly valued within "traditional" training paths. The article seeks to offer a reflection in this direction and some information about the development of an "original" training device, based on reflexive and narrative modes but integrated with methodologies that can also enhance personal and implicit personal dimensions, aimed at change of dysfunctional attitudes.

The new Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030 of the WHO promotes sporting and physical activity as a leading factor for mental health, quality of life and wellness. The document highlights the beneficial effects of regular physical activity and the need to achieve a paradigm shift in supporting and evaluating people regularly, according to the ability and across the life course. A recent systematic review confirms that school health programs promoting active lifestyles among children and adolescents may contribute to the improvement of health-related quality of life. The educational environment plays a key role: physical education is part of all central curriculum frameworks in the EU, and is compulsory in primary and secondary education. The time allocated to physical education in some member states of the EU is insufficient to cover the recommendations of the WHO, so as to assume a marginal role in School Curriculum. This study aims to outline the current state of physical education in European school systems by drawing a comparative framework on topics related to the issue: national and European strategies, large-scale projects, teacher education, status of physical education in national curricula and in extracurricular activity, pupils evaluation and ongoing reform projects. We performed a meta-analysis study analysing national documents of the various member states, international reports of European organization and some international reviews. The results of the study underline strengths and weaknesses of the various national situations to identify the main critical problems and to highlight the potential of sustainable initiatives already validated.

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