Gentiana cruciata L. (cross gentian) is a medicinal and ornamental plant. The root extracts of this species are known to exhibit many curative properties. The natural Gentiana populations are exposed to great danger because of their uncontrolled usage. In this study, hairy roots from Gentiana cruciata L. stem and leaf explants belonging to three different clones were induced by inoculation with four different Agrobacterium rhizogenes wild strains namely A4, 15834, 8196 and R1000. Induction of the root transformation was significantly dependent on the explant type used. On the other hand, the genotype and bacterial strain had no significant effect on hairy root formation. Hairy root formation percentages of the explants varied between 5.6-33.3% in the stem explants, and between 0.0-6.7% in the leaf explants. Transformations of the hairy roots were confirmed by PCR using rolC specific primers, and revealed the absence of contaminating A. rhizogenes with virC primers. Total of twelve hairy root clones were obtained, and their secondary metabolite content was also analyzed by HPLC. Quantitative results exhibited that gentiopicroside was the most abundant compound in all root samples. Furthermore, metabolites such as loganic acid, swertiamarin, and sweroside were also identified and quantified in the samples.

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Lilium candidum L. is a species which grows in the South

Lilium candidum is one of the important commercial crop worldwide. In this study, a protocol for micropropagation of Lilium candidum was developed the effect of some antibiotic and fungicide applications and also the effect of the light. In experiments, bulb scales of Lilium candidum L. were used. The plant material was sterilized superficially and it was dipped in solutions which contain antibiotic and fungicide 30 minutes was cut into pieces and cultured in Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L NAA + 0.01 mg/L BA, 30 mg/L sucrose and 8 mg/L agar. The application of antibiotic and fungicide was the application of Streptomycin + Penicillin, Streptomycin + Benomyl and Benomyl + Nystatin in every two different doses. Bulb scales were cutting into lateral as 5-10 mm pieces. The explants were cultured 16 hrs light -8 hrs dark photoperiodic condition; the light was 1600 lux, and also were cultured in completely darkness condition in the same applications. Culture room temperature was between 19° and 22 °C. Bulblet formation (%) was observed in photoperiodic condition higher than darkness one. In the Benomyl + Nystatin solution bulb formation (%) was the highest (97.4%). In addition the best application was obtained Benomyl + Nystatin solution both in respect of sterilization and the point of view the number of the bulblets. Lilium candidum L.'nin MİKROÇOĞALTIMINDA BAZI ANTİBİYOTİK ve FUNGUSİT UYGULAMALARININ ETKİSİÖz Bu çalışmada, dünya çapında ticari öneme sahip olan Lilium candidum L.'nin mikroçoğaltımında bazı antibiyotik ve fungusit uygulamalarının in vitro'da ki etkisi, uygun sterilizasyon ve ışığın etkisi araştırılmıştır. Denemelerde temel MS (1962) ortamı kullanılmış, ortama 0.1 mg l/L NAA+ 0.01 mg l/ L BA, 30 g /L şeker ve 8 g /L agar ilavesi yapılmıştır. Bitki materyali (soğan pulları) yüzeysel sterilizasyonu takiben antibiyotik ve fungusit içeren solusyonlarda 30 dk bekletildikten sonra parçalara ayrılarak kültüre alınmıştır. Antibiyotik ve fungusit uygulamaları: iki farklı dozda Streptomycin + Penicilin uygulamaları, iki farklı dozda Streptomycin + Benomyl uygulamaları ve iki farklı dozda Benomyl + Nystatin uygulamalarıdır. Lilium candidum soğan pulları 5-10 mm boyutunda enine parçalara ayrılarak kültüre alınmıştır. Karanlık ve fotoperiyodik koşulda (16 saat aydınlık-8 saat karanlık) kültüre alınan eksplantlarda % soğancık oluşumunun, fotoperiyodik koşulda karanlığa göre daha yüksek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Ayrıca yüzeysel sterilizasyondan sonra yapılan uygulamalarda hem sterilizasyon yönünden hem de eksplant başına elde edilen soğancık sayısı bakımından en olumlu uygulamanın Benomyl + Nystatin solusyonlarının olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Natural populations of Lilium candidum L. are remarkably affected by biotic and abiotic factors therefore there is a requirement to develop effective micropropagation protocol to provide mass production, multiplication and conservation of these plants. For this reason, this study was aimed to develop an efficient micropropagation method for multiple shoot production via somatic embryogenesis induced from L. candidum stem bulbils and also to determine the genetic stability of in vitro grown plants using SSR markers. The obtained results of this study are the first comprehensive reports including an investigation of genetic fidelity on somatic embryogenesis of L. candidum. After surface sterilization of bulbils, the calculated regeneration percentage of them was 89.5% and the callus induction was achieved using leaf segments of in vitro grown bulbils. The well formed somatic embryos were obtained from smooth whitish-yellow colored calli and these somatic embryos produced well formed healthy L. candidum seedlings with adventitious roots. All rooted seedlings were easily adapted to greenhouse conditions and the genetic stability of in vitro grown seedlings were determined by using SSR-PCR technique and it was calculated as 100%.