The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives.3ie evidence gap map reports 3ie evidence gap maps are thematic collections of information about impact evaluations and/or systematic reviews that measure the effects of international development policies and programmes. The maps present a visual overview of existing and ongoing studies in a sector or subsector in terms of the types of programmes (or interventions) evaluated and the outcomes measured. The evidence gap map reports provide all the supporting documentation for the maps themselves, including the background information for the theme of the map, the methods and results, including the protocols and the analysis of the results.

No abstract

We carry out a cluster-randomized trial among 1,578 children from 979 households in rural El Salvador to test the impacts of TOMS shoe donations on children's time allocation, school attendance, health, self-esteem, and aid dependency. Results indicate high levels of usage and approval of the shoes by children in the treatment group, and time diaries show modest evidence that the donated shoes allocated children's time toward outdoor activities. Difference-in-difference and ANCOVA estimates find generally insignificant impacts on overall health, foot health, and self-esteem but small positive impacts on school attendance for boys. Children receiving the shoes were significantly more likely to state that outsiders should provide for the needs of their family. Thus, in a context where most children already own at least one pair of shoes, the overall impact of the shoe donation program appears to be negligible, illustrating the importance of more careful targeting of in-kind donation programs.JEL classification: O12, O15, I31, I32

The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) is an international grant-making NGO promoting evidence-informed development policies and programmes. We are the global leader in funding and producing high-quality evidence of what works, how, why and at what cost. We believe that better and policy-relevant evidence will make development more effective and improve people's lives.3ie Scoping papers 3ie thematic window grant programmes typically start with a consultative process that includes a scoping study to identify the current state of impact evaluation evidence in a particular sector. Scoping studies identify the promising questions for future research synthesis and the priority questions for further impact evaluation research. They analyse the existing supply of impact evaluation and systematic review evidence, as well as the demand for such evidence from policymakers and programme managers. About this scoping paper3ie completed this scoping exercise in 2015. It helped to define the approaches to funding pilot interventions and their impact evaluations through a grant window on the integration of HIV services with other health services. This scoping paper identifies the current evidence base and evidence needs the HIV and AIDS care community. The paper looks at what types of service integration interventions have been evaluated and the types of outcomes that have been measured and reported. It includes information about how this work compares with perceptions of where there is good evidence, and evidence gaps identified by key stakeholders.All of the content in this paper is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not represent the opinions of 3ie, its donors or its Board of Commissioners. Any errors and omissions are also the sole responsibility of the authors. All author affiliations were correct when the paper was submitted for publication in 2016. Funding for this scoping report was provided by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For further information about this paper, please contact Anna Heard at aheard@3ieimpact.org. AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge the helpful contributions of the members of two task forces, and assistance from Nancy Diaz in coordinating the production of inputs into the report. Kara Ingraham also provided valuable assistance in editing.ii SummaryAlthough HIV testing, care and treatment coverage have been improving in Sub-Saharan Africa (UNAIDS) 2012), significant numbers of HIV-positive individuals still drop out of HIV care at various stages along the care continuum. One approach to improving HIV and AIDS services along this continuum is to integrate them with other health services. Providers are beginning to use this approach, but often without testing whether their innovations are truly effective, particularly with regard to improving the outcomes for HIV in terms of linkage to care, as well as retention and adherence.In anticipation of our grant window to fund impact evaluations of interventions integrating HIV services, we conducted a lit...