P eople immigrate for many reasons (e.g., economics and work, family reunification, refuge) that vary in their level of exposure to trauma. In addition to typical stressors of immigration, immigrants of color may face additional challenges given their ethnic minority status (Suárez-Orozco et al., 2012). Various conditions precede immigration for those who come to the United States. This chapter utilizes the model of cumulative racial/ethnic trauma for Americans of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent to frame a discussion of resilience among MENA Americans and other immigrants of color (Awad et al., 2019). We focus on the macro-and microlevel aspects of their immigration experiences. Specifically, macrolevel aspects related to historical trauma, national context, and institution discrimination are discussed. Further microlevel aspects such as interpersonal discrimination and identity are presented. The chapter concludes by discussing protective and resilience factors used to cope with the aforementioned factors and providing a brief case vignette that illustrates immigrants' navigation of stress and resilience. MACROLEVEL FACTORS RELATED TO IMMIGRANT TRAUMA Historical Trauma and the National ContextAccording to Awad et al. (2019), there are three macrolevel factors related to cumulative racial and ethnic trauma-historical trauma, national context, and institutional discrimination-that may also generally apply to immigrants

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