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It was hypothesized that female leaders would elicit more negative nonverbal affect responses from other group members than male leaders offering the same initiatives. Male and female subjects participated in 4-person discussions in which male or female confederates assumed leadership. During the discussion subjects' nonverbal affect responses to the confederates were coded from behind oneway mirrors. Female leaders received more negative affect responses and fewer positive responses than men offering the same suggestions and arguments. Female leaders received more negative than positive responses, in contrast to men, who received at least as many positive as negative responses. The data demonstrate a concrete social mechanism known to cause devaluation of leadership, and thus support a more social interpretation of female leadership evaluations, in contrast to previous interpretations based on private perceptual bias.This study hypothesizes an objective social-situational cue that could account for the devaluation of women's leadership (

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Subjects who held a Machiavellian view of life, as measured by Christie's Mach Scales, were more convincing liars than non-Machiavellians. Sixty-four college students (high and low Mach men and women) were videotaped denying knowledge of a theft. Half had just been directly implicated in the theft; the other half made the same denial truthfully. A different group of 64 high and low Mach men and women college students viewed the 1.25-minute videotape clips in random sequence and judged the denials for veracity. The judgments were analyzed in an eight-factor, equal-n analysis of variance. The judges discriminated truth from lies accurately overall. As predicted, lying high Machs were more believed than lying low Machs. Also as predicted, high Machs were harder to judge. Lying high Machs were believed as much as truthful high Machs, but lying low Machs were less believed than truthful lows.