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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 4. Production 4.1. Principles 4.1.1. Thermodynamics 4.1.2. Kinetics and Mechanism 4.1.3. Byproducts 4.2. Catalysts 4.2.1. Conventional Methanol Synthesis Catalysts Catalysts for High‐Pressure Synthesis 4.2.2. Production of Low‐Pressure Catalysts 4.2.3. Alternative Catalyst Systems 5. Process Technology 5.1. Production of Synthesis Gas 5.1.1. Natural Gas 5.1.2. Other Raw Materials 5.2. Synthesis 5.2.1. Reactor Design 5.2.2. Large‐Scale Methanol Synthesis Loop Designs 5.3. Alternative Synthesis Routes 5.3.1. CO 2 ‐to‐Methanol 5.3.2. Liquid Phase Methanol Synthesis (LPMEOH) 5.3.3. Direct Oxidation of Methane 5.4. Distillation of Crude Methanol 5.5. Construction Materials 6. Handling, Storage, and Transportation 6.1. Explosion and Fire Control 6.2. Storage and Transportation 7. Quality Specifications and Analysis 8. Environmental Protection 9. Uses 9.1. Use as Feedstock for Chemical Syntheses 9.2. Use as Energy Source 9.3. Other Uses 10. Economic Aspects 11. Toxicology and Occupational Health 11.1. GHS Specifications 11.2. Toxicology 11.3. Occupational Health

This paper investigates biomethane and BioSNG production processes against the background of the 2018 renewable fuel directive of the European Union (EU). The investigated biomethane processes use manure, clover grass, and grass silage as feedstock, are based on membrane separation gas upgrading processes, and generate 1.0 and 4.8 MW of biomethane. The investigated BioSNG processes use wood chips as feedstock, are based on the dual fluidized bed steam gasification technology and the VESTA SNG process from Amec Foster Wheeler, and generate 6.1, 12.2, and 49.1 MW BioSNG. The techno-economic assessment shows that the biomethane processes have, in general, a lower break-even price for the generated natural gas substitute. However, their scalability is limited and at larger scale (49.1 MW BioSNG capacity), the BioSNG processes become competitive. The 1.0 MW biomethane and all BioSNG plants meet the 2018 renewable fuel directive of the EU. In contrast, the 4.8 MW biomethane process does not meet the directive as the feedstock, which is mainly based on energy crops, causes significant CH 4 and CO 2 emissions.

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