We propose a new Hilaal (lunar crescent formed immediately after conjunction) visibility criterion apply to tropical region utilizing modified mathematical model of near-sun objects visibility. By using only naked eye positive sightings of Hilaal, then we are calculating the Moon and Sun observation parameters to obtain the visibility function for each case. Moon – Sun altitude difference (ARCV – Arc of Vision) and elongation (ARCL – Arc of Light) at the first observable moment have been chosen as parameters and used in developing new visibility criterion. The data show that the minimum ARCV and ARCL value for naked eye observation at the moment of Hilaal is observed are 8.4° and 7.1°, respectively. Our results can be proposed as a scientifically criterion for constructing Hijri calendar for tropical region (including Indonesia) as an alternative to Jakarta Recommendations criterion.

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This article explores the possibility for Christians to discover hospitality and learn reconciliation through Halal bi-halal, a uniquely Indonesian way of observing the Islamic religious festival of ʿId al-Fitri. The exploration will be done in two ways: first, through a broad sacramental lens that will, second, lead to a more particular renewal perspective. The thrust of this presentation is to contend that Christians can experience, and therefore discover, a Christian understanding of hospitality from a non-Christian feast.