How does the public reckon which risks to be concerned about? The availability heuristic and the affect heuristic are key accounts of how laypeople judge risks. Yet, these two accounts have never been systematically tested against each other, nor have their predictive powers been examined across different measures of the public's risk perception. In two studies, we gauged risk perception in student samples by employing three measures (frequency, value of a statistical life, and perceived risk) and by using a homogeneous (cancer) and a classic set of heterogeneous causes of death. Based on these judgments of risk, we tested precise models of the availability heuristic and the affect heuristic and different definitions of availability and affect. Overall, availability-by-recall, a heuristic that exploits people's direct experience of occurrences of risks in their social network, conformed to people's responses best. We also found direct experience to carry a high degree of ecological validity (and one that clearly surpasses that of affective information). However, the relative impact of affective information (as compared to availability) proved more pronounced in value-of-a-statistical-life and perceived-risk judgments than in riskfrequency judgments. Encounters with risks in the media, in contrast, played a negligible role in people's judgments. Going beyond the assumption of exclusive reliance on either availability or affect, we also found evidence for mechanisms that combine both, either sequentially or in a composite fashion. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications of our results, including how to foster people's risk calibration and the success of education campaigns.

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The critical influence of functional strategies on business success is undisputed, as well as the impact of engineering. Surprisingly, research on functional strategies for engineering organizations is scarce. Purpose: this contribution aims to provide engineering organizations with a guideline for the development and implementation of engineering strategies. Approach: first, a literature review determines the state of research for functional strategies i.e. which functional strategies are in the focus of research. The review also aims to evaluate approaches for the development of functional strategies. Then, a market analysis gives an overview of consulting offers for strategy development. To gain insight on how engineering strategies are developed in industrial practice, seven projects which focused on strategy development were analyzed. Findings: based on the analysis of seven functional strategy development projects a reference process for the planning and implementation of an engineering strategy is presented. Originality: there is a large body of literature on business and corporate strategies. On a functional level research focuses on marketing, procurement and manufacturing strategy. Functional strategies for engineering received no attention in the literature yet.Index Terms-functional strategy, strategic management, engineering, reference process, project business.

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Standardization is a common approach in industry to manage complexity. It enables enterprises to realize e.g. costsavings and quality improvements. Numerous empirical studies examining different aspects of standardization have been carried out, but the research landscape itself has not been subject of many studies yet. This article gives an overview of standardization research activities over the last decades. The analysis of the distribution of research activities in the different fields of standardization researchproduct, process and servicewill be of special interest. The study is based on a quantitative approach. The number of publications in the mentioned research fields is determined in three different online portals for academic literature. This study adds empirical evidence to existing assumptions of various authors about the current research landscape and possible topics of future research. Findings reveal that the number of publications referring to standardization in general is increasing strongly. Further research on process standardization seems to be on the advance, since the number of annual publications on process standardization exceeds those related to product standardization for a couple of years. Publications on service standardization are underrepresented compared to the other fields. But there are indicators that it will become more important in the near future.