Epiphytic algae adherent to aquatic plants are an essential link in the composition of the food chain of any ecosystem. Epiphytic algae act as primary producers of the food chain in the aquatic ecosystem and as natural food for herbivorous zooplankton and fish. This study aimed to detect the presence of algae colonies through remote sensing and to analyze factors that affect the growth of algae through field survey and visual interpretation of satellite images in Lake Um El-Naaj. Samples were collected from six locations on Lake Um El-Naaj from November 2018 to June 2019. The algae samples were collected from submerged parts of emerging aquatic plants (aquatic macrophytes Phragmites australis) and stored in plastic bags with little ambient water and solutions for preservation in the field and the laboratory. Water samples were collected to study the nutritional factors that influence the growth of algae, including the concentration of Phosphate, Nitrate, and Silica (silicon dioxide). The results showed that the values of total phosphorus increased by 1.0, 0.9, and 0.8 mg/L, in January, in places 2, 5, and 6, respectively. The highest nitrate value was 11.2 mg/L in December at site 5, while the lowest concentration values were in November (2.2 mg/L at site 6 and 3.7 mg/L at site 4). Besides, the lowest silicate concentration was 0.4 mg/L in November at site 2, while the highest was 2.4 mg/L in June 2019 at site 6. Based on the findings, it is possible to conclude that, during the winter, the water level increased due to the rain. For this reason, nutrient concentrations were low during the last period. Also, with the use of maps and remote sensing techniques, it is possible to determine the expected values around the station's location as future predictive readings that compensate for the difficulty of reaching these areas.

The climate changes had been recognized as one of the major factors responsible for land degradation, which has a significant impact on diverse aspects. The present study aims to estimate how the climate change can influence land degradation in the south areas of Baghdad province (Al-Rasheed, Al-Mahmudiyah, Al-Yusufiyah, Al-Madaen, and Al-Latifiyah). The Satellite Landsat-8 OLI and satellite Landsat-5 TM sensor imagery were used to extent land degradation for the period (2010-2019). ArcGIS V.10.4 was applied to manage and analysis the satellite image dataset, including the use of climate factors data from the European Center for Climate Forecasts (ECMWF) by reanalyzes and extraction datasets. To achieve work objectives, many ground data were collected, including the temperature, rain precipitation, evaporation, and relative humidity from 30 meteorological monitoring stations. These data help us to utilize the interpolation methods for the extraction process of contour lines maps, to be scientific indicators of the relationship between climatic factors and satellite images classifications, involving the spectral indicators of the vegetation cover and water bodies. The results showed the agriculture degradation through the decreasing of vegetation cover rate from 56.57% in (2010) to 43.43% in )2019 (. This deterioration is thought to be related to climate changes with other factors such as water shortage that was 0.52 and 0.44, respectively, the greatest temperature reading was (24.57), the greatest precipitation was (0.21), the greatest relative humidity was (60.73), and vapor rate (-0.2) for the studied period.

After the year 2003 terrorist attacks knock Baghdad city capital of Iraq using bomb explosion various, shook the nation, and made public resident of Baghdad aware of the need for better ways to protect occupants, assets, and buildings cause the terrorist gangs adopt style burst of blast to injury vulnerability a wider range form, and many structures will suffer damage from air blast when the overpressure concomitant the blast wave, (i.e., the excess over the atmospheric pressure 14.7 pounds per square inch at standard sea level conditions are about one-half pound per square inch or more(to attainment injury. Then, the distance to which this overpressure level will extend depends primarily on the energy yield (§1.20) of the burst of blast. Accordingly, must been have adopted a changing philosophy to provide appropriate and effective protection for preservation of psyche and building occupants, by establishment of a protected perimeter and the design of a debris mitigating facade, the isolation of internal explosive threats that may to dodge detection through the screening stations or may enter the public spaces prior to screening and the protection of the emergency evacuation, rescue and recovery systems. By reason of this above-mentioned, the study simple contribution of determined phenomena risk containment. Moreover, in this study may be applied remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) techniques to estimation the blast wave overpressure of bomb explosive effecters for damage that building of materials (i.e., facade, building glass, secondary of roof, fashioning tools and furniture), and how avoid this problem, therefore, selection justice ministry of Iraq building in Salehyiea region at Baghdad city, it destroyed at 28/10/2009 by motocar bombs explosion.

The city of Baghdad has witnessed an urban and industrial expansion with an increase in population, especially since 2003. Air pollution sources have multiplied by the increase in the number of vehicles and electricity generators, causing the emission of large quantities of hydrocarbon gases, including carbon dioxide, CO2. The discharge of such gases into the atmosphere and large amounts, will surely have a role in contributing to global warming. Therefore, it will have prominent adverse effects in influencing the rise in temperatures in the city. The research aimed to show the applied aspect of remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques in estimating the CO2 and its relationship to thermal balance for Baghdad city through fifteen stations distributed throughout the city. Remote sensing data adopted from US Geological and the European Centre, in addition to CO2 data for the Atmospheric Infrared sounder (AIRS) from Giovanni for the extended period (2003-2018), were used. Processing and statistical analysis were performed on data using GIS 10.6 and Origin 2018 software. The monthly rates of CO2 showed seasonal fluctuations between winter and summer, where the highest value of CO2 in July and the lowest value in February. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technology was used to represent the spatial distribution of CO2 concentrations in the city. Residential and industrial regions experienced higher levels compared to agricultural areas. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to find out the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperatures. The correlation coefficient showed a high positive relationship between increased gas concentrations and high temperatures for all study stations over the entire study period. It can be concluded the concentration of carbon dioxide differs locally in regions of Baghdad, such as residential, commercial, traffic, industrial, and rural areas, as well as during the months of the year.