Previous empirical evidence on municipal e¢ciency mostly uses cross-sectional data which makes it impossible to separate unobserved heterogeneity from ine¢ciency. Furthermore, they also typically use a two-stage approach which has been widely criticized as the assumptions in the …rst stage are violated in the second stage, generating biased results. We contribute to the literature by putting forward a one stage approach with parametric models and panel data to estimate municipal e¢ciency of 324 Chilean municipalities for the period 2008-2018. We take into account observed and unobserved heterogeneity, incorporating them both into the frontier and jointly estimating e¢ciency of all the municipalities in the sample. Our results suggest that Chilean municipalities have a relevant degree of ine¢ciency as they could achieve the same provision of services with 53%-61% less resources, depending on the speci…cation, and that there is large heterogeneity in their level of e¢ciency. Finally, we also …nd that municipalities with a high dependency on the Municipal Common Fund are less e¢cient supporting the notion of local governments …scal laziness present in the literature.

Background: Everyday approximately a billion viewers watch hundreds of millions of hours on YouTube. Currently YouTube videos are used as internet based media for dissemination of public health information. To characterize viewer engagement pattern, we measured viewership, viewer-preferences and viewer-responses to the HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention related videos on YouTube. Methods: We performed a search on YouTube (www.youtube. com) using the keywords 'HIV/AIDS awareness', 'HIV/AIDS prevention', and 'HIV/AIDS education. YouTube videos possessing 5000 viewership were selected for analysis. Viewer engagement was measured by recording total number of views, likes, dislikes, shares, and comments. Views per day were calculated by dividing total number of views by number of days since upload. Number of reaction was obtained by combining number of likes and dislikes. To assess differences in continuous variables across different categories, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normal distributions.