Resumen. Este trabajo muestra los esquemas de conocimiento de los universitarios sobre el cambio climático y su relación con el agua, con el fin de obtener elementos de reflexión que permitan mejorar las futuras actuaciones del profesorado. En general, se detecta un exiguo pensamiento crítico, junto con un conocimiento bastante superficial de la problemática objeto de estudio.Palabras clave. Cambio climático, agua, pensamiento crítico, universitarios, esquemas de conocimiento. Climate change and water: what university students thinkSummary. This work shows the knowledge schemes of university students on the Climate Change and its relation to water. It aims to obtain elements of reflection for teachers, which allows improving their future activities. In an overall view, an exiguous critical thinking is strongly detected, together with a superficial knowledge of the problematic study object.Keywords. Climate Change, water, critical thinking, university students, knowledge schemes.El primero en pensar en el clima de la Tierra en su conjunto fue el literato Johann Wolfgang Goethe (en 1821, en su novela Los años de viaje de Wilhelm Meister), pudiendo ser considerado el padre de la moderna idea de cambio global (Anguita, 2005). No es hasta el siglo xix cuando los científicos empiezan a buscar en el registro geológico hallazgos sobre variaciones climáticas, y con ello las propuestas teóricas de sus posibles causas, tales como las fluctuaciones de la excentricidad, inclinación y cabeceo del eje de rotación de la Tierra, la distribución de tierras y mares, el vulcanismo, la fotosíntesis o las variaciones en la composición atmosférica (Centeno y Moya-Palomares, 2005). De este modo, la paleoclimatología va demostrando que el clima es un sistema dinámi-co que varía a lo largo del tiempo (Uriarte, 2003), siendo por ello que la idea de cambio climático (en adelante lo abreviaremos como CC) no constituye en sí una novedad en la larga historia del planeta.El panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC), que es la agencia especializada del CC creada en 1988 por las Naciones Unidas, define el CC como «el cambio en los valores medios y/o en la variabilidad de las propiedades del clima, identificados por tratamientos estadísticos, debiendo persistir estas desviaciones durante períodos extensos y continuados de tiempo, INTROdUCCIóN
This paper is a part of a larger research that pursues a global understanding of impoliteness in face-to-face electoral debates. That research distinguishes three essential axes, three complementary analytical perspectives: functional strategies of impoliteness, linguistic-discursive mechanisms to implement them and social impacts of impolite acts. In this frame, the present work develops an in-depth analysis of a special category of mechanisms, namely the rupture of politeness conventions, a subgroup within postliteral implicit mechanisms. This subgroup acquires its identity by the fact of carrying out a linguistic action that is conventionally associated with a polite attitude, but doing it in a rhetorically insincere way: the consequence is that apparent politeness becomes impoliteness. Relevant aspects in the characterization of ruptures are isolated fernández: politeness conventions 137 clac 67/2016, 136-166 and, on this basis, it is developed a detailed analysis of three specific kinds of mechanisms in which ruptures take shape: using ironic statements, developing different forms of overpoliteness and adopting a falsely collaborative attitude toward the interlocutor. The analysis of that group of mechanisms takes into account, simultaneously, the other two axes of the main research, strategies and social impacts.
regard to the presence of elements of politeness or impoliteness. From both these questions, we develop two independent, albeit connected, lines of argument with the ultimate aim of discerning whether the features characterising politeness or impoliteness in debates are analogous to or, on the contrary, substantially different from those found in casual conversations. Our study has been conducted on the basis of our previous research and new data, and through a critical evaluation of the literature generated over the past few decades concerning both research into (im)politeness and into speaker behaviour in electoral debates. From this analysis, we conclude that both politeness and impolitenesss are genuine elements in debates, that is to say, debates are not radically unlike casual conversations, even if they do constitute a genre displaying a number of peculiarities arising from their public nature.
ResumenEl presente trabajo somete a análisis las formas en que puede encararse el tratamiento de la situación lingüística de los inmigrantes que se incorporan a nuestro sistema educativo, en busca de su máxima integración social. En relación con ello, analiza algunas de las directrices que se han seguido en otros países con mayor tradición como receptores de inmigrantes e incide en la conveniencia de que dicho tratamiento no se base exclusivamente en la enseñanza de la lengua de acogida sino que tome también en consideración las lenguas de origen.PALABRAS CLAVE: inmigración, política lingüística, sistema educativo, integración Abstract This work analyses the different possible approaches to the linguistic competence of those immigrants that enter our Spanish educational system so that their maximum social integration can be reached. Regarding this issue, this work both studies those strategies that have been adopted in some other countries where most immigrants have settled and insists on the importance of not only taking into account the target language learning, but also the corresponding mother tongue background.
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