This chapter makes a literature review based on the Grant and Booth qualitative systematic methodology of the studies about the educational situation of the Roma in Spain, with an wider, extended scope that allows to compare the findings with those conducted on other countries’ Roma populations. Studies on the Roma educational situation in Spain are hindered by the lack of official, periodical statistics, having to rely on sample-based surveys and ethnographic studies. In spite of the inaccuracy of the studies all of them show, as a general picture, a staggering educational gap between the Roma and the rest of society which is common to all Western countries. Most of the studies on Roma education have concentrated in this negative aspect. Numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to explain this staggering education gap. All them acknowledge the phenomenon as a multidimensional one but for heuristic purposes they can be ordered along an endogenous/exogenous factors continuum depending on how much they stress the weight of factors stemming from characteristics of the Roma ethnic group itself or, on the contrary, of the majority non-Roma society. The literature review has also identified an emergent critical current that sees this studies focused on educational underachievement as a sharing a common essentialist bias that helps to reinforce the stigmatization of Roma and have turned to focus, instead, on the study of academic success among the Roma. Although this emerging field is very promising, our review has identify several significant research gaps in this regard: a lack of longitudinal studies, a lack of studies on the Roma upper and middle classes and a lack of studies on Roma students in post-compulsory education, particularly the university level. This article encourages researchers to fill this gaps with the conviction that the knowledge obtained can help combat the negative stereotypes and the self-fulfilling prophecy effect that approaches focused on Roma underachievement may have.

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Community-based tourism is advocated by indigenous organizations and leftist actors throughout Latin America as a tool for furthering their political and cultural agenda. The ideological biases and structural weaknesses of this model become apparent in a case study of the fishing village of Prainha do Canto Verde, Brazil. The communitarian agenda currently being implemented by means of the community-based tourism project in Prainha is based upon an ideological construct and being imposed through political engineering upon what is simply a local segment of Brazilian rural society. As a result, it is encountering strong resistance. There is also structural tension between the inevitable sociocultural change caused by the development of tourism and the rigidity and essentialism of a community-based tourism model offering a "traditional way of life" as a touristic product. The model is ultimately conflictual and unstable, and there is serious doubt about its longterm sustainability.Organizações indígenas e instituições de esquerda defendem o turismo comunitário na América Latina como forma de apoio às suas agendas políticas e culturais. Contudo, a fragilidade estrutural e o preconceito ideológico desse modelo tornam-se aparente no caso de uma vila de pesca em Prainha do Canto Verde, no Brasil. A agenda comunitária hoje implementada por meio do projeto de turismo comunitário em Prainha baseia-se em construção ideológica e é imposta por meio de engenharia política do que consiste somente de um segmento local da sociedade rural brasileira. Consequentemente, essa agenda encontra forte resistência. Demais, há tensão estrutural entre as mudanças culturais inevitáveis, causadas pelo desenvolvimento do turismo, e a rigidez e essencialismo do modelo de turismo comunitário que oferece "um estilo de vida tradicional" como produto turístico. O modelo é fundamentalmente conflitante e instável, suscitando dúvidas quanto à sua sustentabilidade a longo prazo.

En lo que respecta a la dimensión cultural de la globalización, aparece el nuevo concepto de lo «glocal», un mecanismo de identidad de síntesis a través del cual grupos tan diferentes como las comunidades negras de ambos lados del Atlántico, los indios ticuna del Alto Amazonas o los nacionalistas vascos en Europa reafirman sus sentimientos de pertenencia, reconstruyéndolos ante la invasión de lo global en sus vidas. Este artículo sostiene la hipótesis de que la síntesis entre lo global y lo local está realizándose en muchos lugares por medio de la siguiente dicotomía: mientras lo global toma posesión de los niveles infraestructural, socio-político y ético-axiológico de la cultura, conduciendo a las sociedades hacia una cierta uniformización, lo local permanece en el nivel formal y estético de los símbolos e iconos, dando forma a identidades diferenciales auto-referenciales y desocializadas.

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