Since the 1970s multiculturalist policies that recognize and accommodate ethnocultural diversity have been implemented across western democracies. However, the tide seems to have changed: a ‘backlash against multiculturalism’ has been occurring since the 1990s. While it remains unclear whether this backlash is a matter of rhetoric or if there is indeed a wholesale retreat from multiculturalism, several scholars, politicians and journalists have invoked a pervasive narrative of the rise/advance and fall/retreat of multiculturalism. ‘Interculturalism’ has been introduced as a remedy, being allegedly well-suited to address some of the shortcomings of the multicultural approach. In this introduction to the Special Issue, which is about the key texts of Tariq Modood and Ricard Zapata Barrero, we present and question the nexus between the two terms. How has the ‘multiculturalism-interculturalism’ debate been held so far?

Multiculturalism as an official policy strategy has recently come in for significant criticism in a number of Western European countries. A key criticism is that multicultural policies undermine redistribution policies, since they would erode the social cohesion upon which redistribution measures are built. However, empirical research does not univocally confirm this critique. This article explains why this is the case. The first argument is called the integration‐recognition paradox. Policies that focus on recognising minority groups may lead to a greater social acceptance of those minorities, and in turn may lead to their feeling more appreciated as participants in society. In a second argument, the authors discuss how multicultural policies could easily be combined with policies that invest in national unity and social cohesion.

Belgium has been a traditional destination for Polish immigrants since the 19th century. In the period after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Polish migration to Belgium was largely characterized by pendulum movements and illegal stays, but following Poland's accession to the EU in 2004, the Belgian labour market was gradually opened to Polish citizens. To date, this new situation has not been the subject of research, and we therefore present the first analysis of the impact of EU enlargement on Poles in Belgium. By means of semistructured interviews with both Polish key informants and Polish families, we illustrate the extent to which Polish migration and integration patterns have changed. Our results lead us to conclude that Poles are increasingly opting for longer and more permanent stays, which means that Polish migration no longer follows the pendulum pattern. Although this implies increased orientation toward Belgian society, it does not entirely preclude any attachment to Polish culture and identity. This confirms a widely accepted insight from migration studies: the desire to integrate in structural societal spheres does Downloaded from not reduce the importance that migrants attach to aspects they consider crucial to staying in touch and identifying with their regions of origin.

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