Belgium has been a traditional destination for Polish immigrants since the 19th century. In the period after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Polish migration to Belgium was largely characterized by pendulum movements and illegal stays, but following Poland's accession to the EU in 2004, the Belgian labour market was gradually opened to Polish citizens. To date, this new situation has not been the subject of research, and we therefore present the first analysis of the impact of EU enlargement on Poles in Belgium. By means of semistructured interviews with both Polish key informants and Polish families, we illustrate the extent to which Polish migration and integration patterns have changed. Our results lead us to conclude that Poles are increasingly opting for longer and more permanent stays, which means that Polish migration no longer follows the pendulum pattern. Although this implies increased orientation toward Belgian society, it does not entirely preclude any attachment to Polish culture and identity. This confirms a widely accepted insight from migration studies: the desire to integrate in structural societal spheres does Downloaded from not reduce the importance that migrants attach to aspects they consider crucial to staying in touch and identifying with their regions of origin.

The free trade agreement currently negotiated between the EU and India is due to be the first of a new generation of free trade agreements between the EU and an emerging economy. This article addresses a number of critical issues in the negotiations and the EU's response to them. These issues include European labour standards and General Agreement on Trade in Services Mode 4 liberalisation; Indian generic medicine production and EU interests in patent protection; EU agricultural subsidies and their impact on the Indian dairy sector; the human rights and democracy dimension of the EU's foreign policy; and transparency issues of the negotiation process.

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Belgium Congo Congolese historiography postcolonial memory postcolonial migrationBelgium recently celebrated a number of major anniversaries related to its colonial history. This coincides with great societal interest in the Congo and the appearance of an abundance of new books. Strikingly, the prior decade's debates over Leopold II's 'genocide' and the assassination of Lumumba appeared to be over. Instead, there was great nostalgia for the Belgian Congo. A single and less critical narrative dominated, epitomized by David Van Reybrouck's bestseller on Congolese history and by the sustained monopoly of Leopold II monuments. This situation drastically contrasts with the postcolonial memory in neighbouring countries, particularly the Netherlands. The Belgian particularity can be explained by the Belgian identity crisis following the rise of Flemish nationalism and the years of government negotiation. But it should also be accounted for by the absence of counter-voices and viewpoints. The traditional left-wing criticism of postcolonial triumphalism was limited to Internet publications that were given scant attention by a broader readership. Academic historians published extensively on the Congo, but embarked on 'new imperial history' and avoided debate. There was no opposition from another traditionally critical angle: scholars in the former colony or postcolonial migrants in the former metropole. Congolese historians were only marginally given the floornot a single one has been translated into Dutchand Belgium has the smallest interventions, 2015 Vol. 17, No. 3, 434-451, http://dx.