Th e objective of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity and anthropological status in six-year-old children. Th e study was conducted on 30 boys (years 6.34 ± 0.51) and 30 girls (years 6.21 ± 0.59). Six tests for motor ability evaluation, two measures for assessing morphological characteristics, and a questionnaire for assessing physical activity and sedentary activities, the Netherlands Physical Activity Questionnaire (NPAQ), were applied to the participants. Th e correlation analysis results clearly show that sedentary activity cannot be regarded as a predictor of anthropological status in six-year-old children (p>0.05). Th is research provides an insight into the complex issue of the precise identifi cation of the eff ects of physical activity, and changes in anthropological status that are infl uenced by natural growth and development.

integration of all components of adopted motor skills into coordinated, accurate and efficient performance (Goodway, Robinson, & Crowe, 2010). Individuals that do not reach the mature stage in FMS development are shown to have a limited ability to progress in the acquisition of specific motor skills (Lagendorfer, Roberton, & Stodden, 2011). Performance of FMS can be assessed with several reliable and valid tools; where the choice of test will depend on the context in which the assessment is planned (Clark, Moran, Drury, Venetsanou, & Fernandes, 2018; Cools, De Martelaer, Samaey, & Andries, 2009). Concomitantly, tests of motor skill assessment can be quantitative and/ or qualitative. Quantitative tests relate to the measurement of performance results and their advantage is the provision of a high level of reliability (Sporiš, Štimec, Milanović, & Trajković, 2011). Conversely, qualitative assessment provides a systematic monitoring tool and an introspective human movement quality assessment that can be used to provide the most appropriate interventions for improving performance (Clark et al., 2017; Payne & Isaacs, 2011). Because of the greater complexity of expression and the number of components being measured, the qualitative approach for measurement increases the discrepancy among the measurers and reduces reliability, however, the information obtained

Background: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. Methods: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. Results: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world’s population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world’s population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. Conclusion: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.

The study was conducted in order to determine the appropriateness of assessment of the level of fundamental movement skill development of six-year-old children by using an obstacle polygon. In accordance with the aim of the study, a sample of 78 six-year-old pupils (39 boys and 39 girls) was used. Through high inter-item correlation and high Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the results clearly indicate excellent reliability of the measuring instrument. Furthermore, normality of the distribution clearly points to the good discriminative power of the polygon. The t-test showed no differences between boys and girls in both the applied polygon and morphological features. The results of the multiple regression analysis with two predictors showed no impact of the used morphological features on the performance of fundamental movement skill assessment manifested through the obstacle polygon. The obtained results clearly point to a very high applicability of the polygon in the physical education curriculum as an instrument for assessment and verification of fundamental movement skills among six-year-old children. Key words: metric characteristics; motor learning; physical education curriculum; regression analysis.---SažetakIstraživanje je provedeno s ciljem utvrđivanja prikladnosti i mogućnosti procjene stupnja razvijenosti biotičkih motoričkih znanja šestogodišnjaka koristeći se poligonom prepreka. U skladu s navedenim koristit će se uzorak od 78 učenika (39 dječaka, 39 djevojčica) u dobi od 6 godina. Kroz visoke iner-item korelacije i visoki Chronbach alpha koeficijent, rezultati jasno ukazuju na zadovoljavajuću pouzdanost mjernog instrumenta. Nadalje, rezultati KS testa jasno ukazuju na dobru strukturu odnosno osjetljivost poligona. T-testom je utvrđeno nepostojanje razlika između dječaka i djevojčica kako u primijenjenom poligonu tako i u morfološkim karakteristikama. Nadalje, rezultati višestruke regresijske analize sa dva prediktora pokazali su da ne postoji utjecaj morfoloških karakteristika na izvedbu poligona za procjenu biotičkih motoričkih znanja. Dobiveni rezultati nedvosmisleno ukazuju na praktičnost i primjenjivost poligona u nastavnom procesu tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture kao sredstva za procjenu i provjeru biotičkih motoričkih znanja.Ključne riječi: morfološke karakteristike; motoričko učenje; regresijska analiza; tjelesna i zdravstvena kultura.

Purpose. the aim of the study was to develop bilateral tests for simultaneous quantitative and qualitative assessment of manipulative skills among 7-year-old children, and to examine the reliability and validity of the tests. Methods. A sample of 78 (35 girls) children (aged 7.34 ± 0.53 years) were tested with 3 novel bilateral tests: Standing ball throwing, Bouncing the ball standing, and Dribbling the ball with the foot. Subsequently, the reliability and validity of the constructed tests were investigated. Results. Very high between-participant reliability was demonstrated through high and stable Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94-0.98 for all tests), while relatively small coefficients of variation (0.03-0.12 for all tests) were observed. High values of correlation between expert judges' ratings, as well as intra-class correlation, for both left and right sides indicated excellent between-rater reliability (0.84-0.99 and 0.88-0.93 across all tests, respectively). Conclusions. the tests are reliable and valid in 7-year-old children and may be used to promote the adoption of appropriate sport and physical activities. Future research should explore the influence of further fine and gross motor skills on motor development.Citation: Lovric F, Jelaska i, Clark C.C.t. , Eyre E.L.J., Miletic d, Mandic P. Bilateral tests for the assessment of manipulative skills in children: development, reliability, and validity. Hum Mov. 2019;20(3):1-9; doi: https://doi.org/10.5114/hm.2019.83991.