Nanobacteria or its antigens were present in PKD kidney, liver, and urine. The identification of candidate microbial pathogens is the first step in ascertaining their contribution, if any, to human disease.

Transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS) is a common occurrence following kidney transplantation with an incidence rate ranging from 6% to 23%. A single-center retrospective study was conducted to examine the use of drug-eluting stents (DES) in eligible patients with hemodynamically significant TRAS. Between March 2008 and January 2011, 12 patients were diagnosed with TRAS with reference vessel diameter measuring <5 mm and underwent endovascular intervention (EVI) with DES placement. TRAS was detected within the first year posttransplantation in a majority of these patients (83%) and manifested as hypertension (100%), allograft dysfunction (100%) and edema (58%). Procedural success rate was 100%. Patients were followed for a mean period of 16 ± 10 months. Blood pressure improved from a mean of 156/82 to 138/73 mmHg at the end of the follow-up period. In 11/12 patients, serum creatinine improved from 3.1 ± 1.3 mg/dL to 2.3 ± 0.5 mg/dL at the end of the follow-up period. TRAS of early onset is readily amenable to EVI with stent placement resulting in improvement in blood pressure control and allograft function.

Purpose-We examined the utility and potential limitations of MEMS (Microelectro-mechanical systems) based spectral-domain cystoscopic optical coherence tomography (COCT) to improve the diagnosis of early bladder cancer.Materials and Methods-OCT catheter was integrated into the single instrument channel of a 22Fr cystoscope to permit white-light guided COCT over a large field of view of 4.6mm wide and 2.1mm deep per scan at 8 frames/s and 10um resolution. Intraoperative COCT diagnosis was performed in 56 patients, with a total of 110 lesions examined and compared with biopsied histology.Results-The overall sensitivity of COCT (94%) was significantly higher than cystoscopy (75%, p=0.02) and voided cytology (59%, p=0.005); the major enhancement over cystoscopy was for lowgrade pTa-1 cancer and carcinoma in situ (p<0.018). The overall specificity of COCT (81%) was comparable to voided cytology (88.9%, p=0.49), but significantly higher than cystoscopy (62.5%, p=0.02). Conclusions-MEMS-basedCOCT, owing to its high resolution and detection sensitivity and large field of view, offers great potential for 'optical biopsy' to enhance the diagnosis of non-papillary bladder tumors and their recurrences and to guide bladder tumor resection.

No abstract

We treated 15 men who had chronic bacterial prostatitis refractory to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or carbenicillin with 400 mg. norfloxacin twice daily for 28 days. All pathogens were susceptible to norfloxacin and absent in prostatic fluid cultures obtained during therapy. One patient had negative post-therapy prostatic fluid cultures but was lost to followup at 1 month. Of the 14 patients followed for at least 6 months 9 (64%) were cured of the original infection, including 6 who have remained uninfected and have had negative prostatic secretion and urine cultures for at least 2 years (1), 1 year (2) or 6 months (3). In 3 patients urinary tract infections recurred with new pathogens at 6, 560 and 820 days after post-therapy negative prostatic fluid cultures. Bacterial prostatitis with the original pathogen recurred in 5 patients within 2 months of completing therapy. The bacteria remained susceptible to norfloxacin but could not be eradicated with 30 to 90 days of additional norfloxacin therapy. Cures were achieved in 9 of 12 patients with Escherichia coli, none of 2 with Pseudomonas prostatitis and 3 of 5 with prostatic calculi. No patient experienced significant adverse effects. The data suggest that norfloxacin is effective and safe for the treatment of refractory chronic bacterial prostatitis.