Introducción: Diversos estudios relacionan variables como la edad, sexo, nivel socioeconómico, religión, etc. con los niveles de homofobia y transfobia. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la incidencia de algunas variables sociodemográficas y de los conocimientos biológicos sobre la homosexualidad y transexualidad sobre los niveles de homofobia y transfobia en estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile. Método: se aplicó una encuesta sociodemográfica, la escala de homofobia EHF-10, la escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans y el cuestionario de conocimientos biológicos de la homosexualidad y transexualidad a 463 estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física de seis universidades de Chile. Resultados: los niveles de homofobia y transfobia son bajos en la muestra, siendo la convivencia con amigos/as o conocidos/as homosexuales, bisexuales y trans, y las creencias religiosas los factores que más inciden en dichas actitudes negativas. Se observó una relación negativa y baja entre conocimientos biológicos de homosexualidad y transexualidad y los niveles de homofobia y transfobia. Conclusión: la muestra presenta bajos niveles de homofobia y transfobia. También se observan bajos valores de conocimientos biológicos de la homosexualidad y transexualidad, con una relación baja y negativa entre dichos conocimientos y las actitudes negativas hacia personas homosexuales y trans.
Abstract. Introduction: Various studies relate variables such as age, sex, socioeconomic level, religion, etc. with levels of homophobia and transphobia. The aim of this research is to determine the incidence of some sociodemographic variables and biological knowledge about homosexuality and transsexuality on the levels of homophobia and transphobia in physical education students in Chile. Method: a sociodemographic survey was applied, the scale of homophobia EHF-10, the scale of negative attitudes towards trans people and the questionnaire of biological knowledge of homosexuality and transsexuality to 463 students of Pedagogy in Physical Education from six universities in Chile. Results: The levels of homophobia and transphobia are low in the sample, being the coexistence with friends/ or known/ homosexual, bisexual and trans, and the religious beliefs the factors that most affect those negative attitudes. A negative and low relationship was observed between biological knowledge of homosexuality and transsexuality and levels of homophobia and transphobia. Conclusion: The sample has low levels of homophobia and transphobia. There are also low biological knowledge values of homosexuality and transsexuality, with a low and negative relationship between such knowledge and negative attitudes towards homosexuals and transgender people.
Los estereotipos de género son el conjunto de creencias sociales, atribuibles a las personas dependiendo de su sexo biológico: la femineidad para ellas y la masculinidad para ellos. Los objetivos del presente estudio son conocer las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem en una muestra de estudiantes de Educación física de Chile y estudiar la incidencia de variables sociodemográficas sobre los roles de género en la muestra. La muestra estuvo constituida por 240 estudiantes de Educación Física de Chile, a quienes se le aplicó dicho instrumento. Los resultados muestran que el inventario posee niveles adecuados de validez y confiabilidad en la muestra estudiada. Las mujeres poseen un mayor nivel de masculinidad y femineidad en comparación con los varones. La orientación sexual, educación sexual, creencias religiosas o ingresos no inciden en los niveles de masculinidad y femineidad de la muestra. Se concluye que el instrumento es válido y confiable para ser aplicado a este tipo de muestras y que es necesario estudiar otros aspectos sociodemográficos que puedan predecir los comportamientos y actitudes masculinas y femeninas en estudiantes de educación física.
Abstract. Gender stereotypes are the set of social beliefs, attributable to people depending on their biological sex: femininity for them and masculinity for them. The objectives of this study are to know the psychometric properties of the Inventory of Sexual Roles of Bem in a sample of students of Physical Education of Chile and to study the incidence of sociodemographic variables on gender roles in the sample. The sample consisted of 240 students of Physical Education of Chile, to whom this instrument was applied. The results show that the inventory has adequate levels of validity and reliability in the sample studied. Women have a higher level of masculinity and femininity compared to men. Sexual orientation, sex education, religious beliefs or income do not affect the levels of masculinity and femininity in the sample. It is concluded that the instrument is valid and reliable to be applied to this type of samples and that it is necessary to study other sociodemographic aspects that could predict male and female behaviors and attitudes in physical education students.
This work proposes the development and creation of an automatic monitoring and control system for the dosage of chlorine in the water treatment plant, purifying the vital liquid and avoiding the distribution and consumption of water contaminated by microorganisms. This is achieved by monitoring the physical parameters through the data sent by wireless sensors, acquiring them in a database, sending the data in real time to a web server, where they can be visible to the public, and generating automatic control in Based on the data obtained, this occurs in a water treatment pools. For this, a Raspberry Pi board is used, it acts as a data store, two Arduino Mega, acting as control nodes, a LAN server, and a PID control for the automatic control of chlorine dosage, thus achieving precautionary that the water is disinfected from any microorganism present.
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