Burton Clark, in Creating Entrepreneurial Universities, defined the characteristics of what he named 'innovative universities'. The paper considers these characteristics -particularly such universities' willingness to adapt to changing environments and how they seek to do so. It identifies the challenges facing universities and considers why universities need to adapt their research, teaching and learning, and knowledge transfer. Innovative universities do seek to escape history -they adapt to change. 'Knowledge is of no real value if all you can tell me is what happened yesterday. It is necessary to tell what will happen tomorrow . . . You must be willing to stick your neck out'.

The article explores the historical background of comparative policy studies. These studies are traced back to the comparative approaches in political science and public administration. Following a discussion on the methodological aspects of the comparative approach, an overview and assessment of a number of recent comparative policy studies in higher education is presented.

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