Abstract. Suana IW, Ahyadi H, Hadiprayitno G, Amin S, Kalih LATTWS, Sudaryanto FX. 2020. Environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay for bird-watching ecotourism in Kerandangan Natural Park, Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 2266-2274.  Five trails of interest to bird-watchers and an observation point by the guest house of Kerandangan Natural Park (KNP) have potential to be developed as bird-watching ecotourism packages. In order to develop sustainable bird-watching ecotourism in KNP, we analyzed the environment carrying capacity and willingness to pay (WTP) for bird-watching ecotourism packages. All of the trails and an observation point in KNP were explored to determine the width and length of the trails, the visit time, as well as the soil texture and slope along the trails. Interviews with KNP managers and secondary data from Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Council (BMKG)-Climatology Station Class I-West Lombok were also used to determine the status of biophysical habitats. The environment carrying capacity was calculated by combining the physical carrying capacity, real carrying capacity, and effective carrying capacity. The results show that environment carrying capacity of bird-watching ecotourism packages in KNP was higher than the actual visitation levels. It indicates that opportunity to develop and increase the number of visitors is considerable. WTP was determined by Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) with payment card approach. Through the brochure, 150 respondents were given information on bird-watching ecotourism packages, then are offered three options, and only allowed to choose one that can be paid. Data were collected by the incidental sampling method. The results show that the visitors are willing to pay for bird-watching ecotourism packages, with mean WTP of US$ 20.7 per visitor. It implies that they are willing to shoulder the financial support for management and conservation of birds and their habitat in KNP. The findings provide important information for KNP managers for planning and marketing bird-watching ecotourism in KNP.

Abstract. Sudaryanto FX, Pudyatmoko S, Djohan TS, Subagja J, Suana IW, Kalih LATTWS, Hardini J, Subagio J. 2020. Daily activity, diet, and habitat of Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4474-4482. Endemic Bali myna (Leucopsar rothschildi) has a very high risk of extinction in its natural habitat. Bali Barat National Park (BBNP) and other NGO's have conducted various conservation activities, such as breeding and release, community development, environmental improvement, and awareness program. Breeding and release have already been applied in Nusa Penida out of its original habitat. To support the conservation of Bali myna, basic ecological data are needed, eg. daily activities, habitat profile, home range, and interspecific interaction. This study aimed to meet the needs of these vegetation profiles. We collected data from 2013 to 2015. Daily activities were observed on a couple of Bali myna in a nest box at agroforestry area. Habitat profile was determined by analyzing vegetation at their foraging, nesting, and resting areas, using a quadrate plot of 20 x 20 m2. To estimate the home range, of the Bali myna, we recorded 700 points of perching of these birds, by using Global Positioning System, and analyzed using Convex Polygon Method. Their interaction with other animals was carried out at their foraging, nesting, and roosting areas. Daily activities of the Bali myna in Nusa Penida are predominantly recorded in agroforestry areas, so its home range is relatively narrow, at 3.9 ha. The food types of Bali myna in Nusa Penida were fruits, insects, and nectar flowers. Sucking on nectar flower is the first report here. The vegetation profile of nesting and foraging area for Bali myna consists of one layer of thick and dense canopy, while the vegetation profile of resting area is not too dense, which is composed of two canopy layers. Bali myna's interactions with other animals for competition, predation, and mutualistic symbiosis. These data are expected to be used to make decisions in order to conserve Bali myna in Nusa Penida.

The Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius Linnaeus, 1758) is an endemic species whose presence has a major influence on forest ecology in Papua. As a frugivore, this bird plays a role in spreading the seeds of fruit trees which make up 90% of tree species in Papua's forests. However, the population of this bird in its natural habitat has decreased due to forest conversion as the population grows, and is exacerbated by hunting by the local community. Ex-situ conservation is carried out with the aim of breeding animals outside their natural habitat, so research on the daily activities of the Southern cassowary is required. This study was conducted from January 10 to February 21, 2022 on five individual Southern Cassowaries at the Bali Zoo. The method used was focal animal sampling with instantaneous recording for 30 minutes with one-minute intervals. The data obtained were tabulated and analyzed using Microsoft Excel, then described descriptively. The most common activity for the Southern Cassowary at Bali Zoo was resting (35.69%), followed by moving activities (19.69%), foraging (18.58%), preening (16.74%), alert (6.69%), vocalization (1.19%), defecation (0.48%), and urination (0.14%). This study shows that the Southern Cassowary can reflect its daily activities naturally while at the Bali Zoo conservation institution which indicates that animal welfare is fulfilled. Keyword : meloxicam, moringa oleifera, sperm quality, testosterone hormone