Objective: To find out the frequency of major categories of stroke (i.e. cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage and sub-arachnoid hemorrhage) Design: A descriptive study. Place & Duration of Study:Medical unit III Allied Hospital Faisalabad from January 2005 to June 2005. Patients and Methods: 112 patients wereenrolled after taking verbal consent. After complete physical examination and investigations a sample size of 100patients was calculated using 5% level of significant and margin of error as 5%. Results: This study revealed frequencydistribution of various categories of stroke as cerebral infarction 62 cases (62%), cerebral haemorrhage 30 cases (30%)and sub-arachnoid haemorrhage 8 cases (8%) out of 100 cases in total. Conclusion: Intra-cerebral bleed has got ahigher trend in Asia than in western countries and is more common in female gender while cerebral infarction is morecommon in males and its frequency although the highest among the major categories of stroke in Asia but relativelyless as compared to that in western countries.

O b j e c t i v e : To estimate the prevalence of diabetes, high total cholesterol, obesity, smoking and physical activity in urbanpopulation of Faisalabad. R e s e a r c h d e s i g n and m e t h o d s : The project was limited to population based screening for above mentionedvariables using WHO criteria. Study was conducted by holding numerous screening camps in different urban areas over the course of two years.People age 20 years or above were included in the study. Total 5349 people, 58%males (3102) and 42% females (2247) were screened fordiabetes and high blood cholesterol. Body mass index was calculated by measuring height in meter square and weight in kilograms. Peoplewere interviewed for smoking and physical activity and relevant data was entered in the designed proforma. R e s u l t s : Within the chosen agerange, total prevalence of diabetes was 16% and among them 11 % were previously diagnosed and 5% were unaware of their diabetes (newlydiagnosed). Cholesterol was high (>200 mg/dl) in 48 % males and 34% females. 9.2 % of the males were found to be obese (BMI>30) incomparison to 14.3 % of females whereas 36.26% of males and 36.84 % of females were overweight (BMI > 25 to 29.9 kg/m2). The prevalenceof smoking was 38.8% in males and 1.2 % in females respectively. In daily routines only 6.8 % of the males were doing the physical exercise(30 minutes exercise five days a week or equivalent) whereas among females it was 1.9 %. C o n c l u s i o n : Diabetes and metabolic syndromein adults is now a global health problem, and the population of developing countries like Pakistan are facing this menace especially in the urbanareas where it is on the rise with each passing day.

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). HCV infection and type 2 diabetes are two common disorders with a high impact on health worldwide. There is growing evidenceto support the concept that HCV infection is a risk factor for developing type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Both insulin resistance and diabetes canadversely affect the course of chronic hepatitis C, and lead to poor response to antiviral therapy and increased incidence of Hepatocellularcarcinoma. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the frequency of type 2 Diabetes mellitus in newly diagnosed chronichepatitis C patients presenting in Allied hospital Medical unit II during six month period. Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Medicalunit-II, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 01-08-2009 to 28-02-2010. Material and methods: All newly diagnosed patients of chronichepatitis C on the basis of PCR for HCV-RNA were included in the study. Fasting and two hours postprandial blood sample were tested.Diabetes Mellitus was labeled as per slandered. Results: Out of 180 patients with CHC 19 (10.6%) were found to have Diabetes mellituswhile 161(89.4%) were non-diabetics. Conclusions: There is close association in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patientswith chronic hepatitis C.

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has profound adverse effects on health. Serum calcium, phosphorus and even alkalinephasphatase cannot predict underlying vitamin D deficiency. Objectives: 1. To determine the frequency of vitamin D deficiency in outpatientprivate clinic 2. To determine the relation of vitamin D deficiency with the presenting symptom of bone or body aches. To see the relation ofits deficiency to the serum calcium, alkaline phosphate and phosphate levels. Study design: Descriptive study. Setting: One of the local privateclinic. Materials and Methods: 800 patients who presented to the clinic due to any ailment, having presenting complains with bone or bodyaches or not, were included in this study. The duration of study was 7 months from June to December 2008. Results: The study showed amongtotal 33% (n=264) were male and 67% (n=536) were female. 33 patients (4.1 %) were below age of 20 years, 364 patients (45.2%) were havingage between 20-40 years, 252 (31.5%) were between 41 -60 years, 143 (17.8%) were between 61 -80 years and only 8 patients (1 %) were above80years. Over all vitamin D present in sufficient amount (>30 ng/ml) in only 4 patients (0.5%), reaming patients (n=796,99.5%) were deficientin vitamin D were further divided into those who were having deficiency (serum level <20 ng/ml) (n=636, 79%) and insufficiency (serum levelbetween 21-29 ng/ml) (n=160,20%). All the deficient patients were having normal serum calcium and phosphate levels and only 33 patientswere having modestly raised serum alkaline phosphate. Among the sample only 318 (39.7%) were having bone or body aches as a presentingfeature while remaining 482 (60.3%) were having no pains. More ever pain has got insignificant relation to any level of serum vitamin D level(p-value=0.201), however younger deficient patients were having lesser chance of bone or body aches as compared to age more then 60 year(p-value<0.001). Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent in our community, as compared to published data, targeting youngpopulation. Vitamin D supplementation should be planned to decrease its varied and multidimensional ill effects on health.