Objective: To compare the efficacy of pharmacological and endoscopic procedures (band ligation) in preventing variceal bleed. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: MU-I of Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: January to June 2020. Material & Methods: 80 patients were enrolled after fulfilling exclusion and inclusion criteria, divided into two groups. Group A, patients treated Carvedilol 6.25-12.5mg pulse rate of 60-70 beats per minute. Group B patients underwent repeated endoscopic procedures (band ligation), repeated every 2 weeks until obliteration of varices was achieved. Surveillance endoscopy was done one month later. Follow up was done by telephonic contact at 3 months. Results: In our study, mean age was 52.88+9.29 and 53.57+8.85 years in Group-A and B, 42.5%(n=17) in Group-A and 50%(n=20) in Group-B were male, 57.5%(n=23) in Group-A and 50%(n=20) female in group B, Recurrence of variceal bleeding and efficacy of drug comparison showed that 7.5%(n=3) in Group-A and 27.5%(n=11) in Group-B had a recurrence of variceal bleed while 92.5%(n=37) in Group-A and 72.5%(n=29) in Group-B had no recurrence of variceal bleed, p-value (0.01) was significant. Conclusion: Beta-blocker (Carvedilol) is more efficacious for preventing recurrence of variceal bleed than Endoscopic Band Ligation.

. Objective: 1) To have an overview of epidemiological factors. 2) To determine the outcome of victims. Study design:Descriptive study. Setting: MU-III Allied Hospital Faisalabad. Period: From June 2007 to Dec 2008 Materials and Methods: 484 consecutivepatients who were admitted, from June 2007 to December 2008, in Medical unit III with history of having organophosphorus poisoning wereanalyzed for the epidemiological factors, time to arrive in the hospital, conscious level, mode of poisoning (homicidal, suicidal or accidental)treatment given and outcome. Results: The results of the study showed that age 14-30 years is the major group involved in poisoning 87.9%as compared to ages 31-45years (10.5%) and age more then 45 years (12%), also age group 14-30 years is having more suicidal tendenciesas well as accidental poisoning and these tendencies decrease with increasing age (p value=0.000). Male victims are more as compared tofemale victims (52.9% vs. 46.7%) in the study group. Suicidal tendencies as well as homicidal poisoning is more in female (n= 127 and 44,respectively) while accidental poisoning is more in male population (n=106), (p value=0.001). Urban population is more at risk of poisoning inall three, homicidal, suicidal and accidental, as compared to the rural population (p vale=0.018). Importantly in study is showed that out comeof the poisoning from organophosphorus is directly proportional to the interval between poisoning and presentation in emergency ward (p value=0.000), conscious level of the victim (p value = 0.000) and does not depend upon the mode of management (oxime or atropine) (p value 0.026).Conclusions: Younger urban population have increased tendency of poisoning with a dominance of female population. Rapidity of treatment,time to arrival to hospital and conscious level at presentation are the factors deciding outcome of a given patient rather than the mode oftreatment (oximes and atropine both are equally effective).

O b j e c t i v e : To estimate the prevalence of diabetes, high total cholesterol, obesity, smoking and physical activity in urbanpopulation of Faisalabad. R e s e a r c h d e s i g n and m e t h o d s : The project was limited to population based screening for above mentionedvariables using WHO criteria. Study was conducted by holding numerous screening camps in different urban areas over the course of two years.People age 20 years or above were included in the study. Total 5349 people, 58%males (3102) and 42% females (2247) were screened fordiabetes and high blood cholesterol. Body mass index was calculated by measuring height in meter square and weight in kilograms. Peoplewere interviewed for smoking and physical activity and relevant data was entered in the designed proforma. R e s u l t s : Within the chosen agerange, total prevalence of diabetes was 16% and among them 11 % were previously diagnosed and 5% were unaware of their diabetes (newlydiagnosed). Cholesterol was high (>200 mg/dl) in 48 % males and 34% females. 9.2 % of the males were found to be obese (BMI>30) incomparison to 14.3 % of females whereas 36.26% of males and 36.84 % of females were overweight (BMI > 25 to 29.9 kg/m2). The prevalenceof smoking was 38.8% in males and 1.2 % in females respectively. In daily routines only 6.8 % of the males were doing the physical exercise(30 minutes exercise five days a week or equivalent) whereas among females it was 1.9 %. C o n c l u s i o n : Diabetes and metabolic syndromein adults is now a global health problem, and the population of developing countries like Pakistan are facing this menace especially in the urbanareas where it is on the rise with each passing day.