The high rate of deforestation and fragmentation of elephant habitat on Sumatra Island has triggered human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. This conflict brings negative impacts on humans and elephants. Despite numerous efforts having been made to solve this problem, the HEC continues to occur in the remaining elephant enclave every year. The harmonious coexistence between humans and elephants could be improved through HEC mitigation programs. The aim of this paper was to review information on HEC in Sumatra Island, investigate the causes and implications of HEC, review existing HEC mitigation methods, and formulate strategies to improve the harmonious coexistence between humans and elephants. The best strategies to create successful human and elephant coexistence are strengthening the institutions and policies, restoring the habitat, developing wildlife corridors, establishing Essential Ecosystem Areas (EEA), community empowerment through ecotourism, providing legal access to forests through Social Forestry (SF), and providing compensation schemes for conflict victims.

This paper aimed to provide a narrative review of the current conditions of orangutan ecotourism on Sumatra Island, problems in the current management systems, and some recommendations for further development. Orangutan conservation centers have been developed on Sumatra Island since 1973. The Bukit Lawang Conservation Station is one of the orangutan conservation centers that have practiced ecotourism to overcome ecological and socio-economic issues. Even though the Bukit Lawang Conservation Station has operated for decades, this station has faced several issues, in particular a monetary crisis in 1997, a flash flood in 2003, and the COVID-19 pandemic. We identified that orangutan conservation centers on Sumatra Island have the potential to support orangutan ecotourism. These conservation centers have ecological support, available facilities, and rich local wisdom that can provide added value for orangutan ecotourism. Therefore, we propose that the development of orangutan ecotourism on Sumatra Island should accommodate surrounding communities through community-based wildlife ecotourism. We also recommend the following strategies to develop orangutan ecotourism on Sumatra Island: (1) mapping the location and distribution of wild orangutans in their natural habitats; (2) managing captive and semi-captive orangutans in conservation centers; (3) provision of tour packages; (4) community empowerment; (5) institutional strengthening of community-based ecotourism management (CBEM); (6) developing ecotourism through a benefit-sharing model; (7) anticipating and minimizing the negative impacts of ecotourism on orangutans; and (8) integrating orangutan tourism with local wisdom.

Papua merupakan habitat bagi berbagai jenis flora dan fauna yang membawa manfaat yang sangat besar bagi kehidupan masyarakat lokal. Salah satu hasil hutan yang memberikan manfaat yang tinggi bagi masyarakat lokal adalah tumbuhan obat. Beberapa tumbuhan obat Papua telah dimanfaatkan secara luas oleh Masyarakat Indonesia. Namun demikian, Papua masih memiliki berbagai jenis tumbuhan berpotensi obat yang belum dikenal luas oleh Masyarakat Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat potensi berbagai jenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di areal konsesi PT. Wijayaya Sentosa sebagai tumbuhan obat. Data sekunder berupa data jenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di areal PT. Wijaya Sentosa diperoleh dari laporan penilaian nilai konservasi tinggi di PT. Wijaya Sentosa. Data ini kemudian diolah secara deskriptif dengan melakukan berbagai studi pustaka. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa dari 401 jenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di areal perusahaan, sebanyak 203 jenis (±50%) diantaranya merupakan tumbuhan berpotensi obat. Tumbuhan berpotensi obat di areal perusahaan ini didominasi oleh pohon dan berasal dari famili Fabaceae. Tumbuhan obat ini dapat digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai macam penyakit. Pemanfaatannya dapat dilakukan secara tunggal atau dan dicampur dengan bagian tumbuhan berpotensi obat lainnya. Bagian tumbuhan yang paling umum digunakan sebagai obat adalah daun. Pada umumnya, pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat oleh berbagai masyarakat tradisional cukup sederhana. Status konservasi Sebagian besar tumbuhan obat di areal PT. Wijaya Sentosa berada dalam kategori risiko rendah. Namun demikian, 4 jenis tumbuhan telah masuk dalam kategori hampir terancam. Oleh sebab itu, upaya konservasi perlu dilakukan untuk melindungi keempat jenis tumbuhan ini.

Massoi (Cryptocarya massoy) is a plant species producing prominent NTFP in Papua. This species contains massoialacton used as a raw material for food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The demand for massoia is high. Meanwhile, supply for the global market is still dominated by massoi from Papua. This condition leads to the over exploitation of massoi in nature. If this condition continues, massoi might be extinct in the future. Until now, the information about the potency of massoi in natural forests is not available yet. Therefore, studies that can depict the existence of massoi in natural forests are still needed. This study is needed to determine massoi's conservation strategies. This study aimed to determine the potency and distribution of massoi in the forest concession of PT. Yotefa Sarana Timber in Teluk Bintuni Regency and PT. Wanakayu Hasilindo in Kaimana Regency. This study applied line plot sampling method. The results showed that the potency of massoi in Teluk Bintuni Regency is higher than that of Kaimana Regency. The potency of massoi in Teluk Bintuni Regency was 1,593 individuals/ha, consisting of seedlings (1,500 individuals/ha) and stakes (93 individuals/ha). Potency of massoi in Kaimana Regency was just around 871 individuals/ha, comprising seedlings (750 individuals/ha), stakes (120 individuals/ha), and tree (1 individual/ha). Massoi at both pole and tree levels is alarming because of harvesting activities conducted by local people. The results also revealed that massoi grows scattered and rarely clustered. Massoi grows at an altitude of 50-500 masl (Teluk Bintuni Regency) and 400-900 masl (Kaimana Regency).

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